Physiology: intro

Question 1

What are physiological systems involved in homeostasis?

Answer 1

1. Nervous system
2. Endocrine system
3. Circulatory system
4. Respiratory system
5. Excretory system

Question 2

Which 2 of the systems are involved in whole-body regulation and integration?

Answer 2

1. Nervous system: behavioural control and regulator of the endocrine and other physiological systems
2. Endocrine system: a regulator of the physiological systems

Question 3

Systems with self-maintenance

Answer 3

1. Circulatory system: blood circulation that transports supplies to the cells and their products/wastes
2. Respiratory system: exchange of vital gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the external environment and the internal environment.
3. Excretory system: control of the volume and composition of the internal environment and elimination of wastes through urine

Question 4

What is physiology?

Answer 4

Study of the functions of living organisms, understood as the set of processes that allow the achievement of a well-defined and valuable purpose for the organism

Question 5

Milieu interior

Answer 5

Developed by Claude Bernard in 1872.

It consists of the extracellular fluid, which in vertebrates is the plasma and interstitial fluid set.

It stands between the external environment of the body and the intracellular environment.

Question 6

Walter Cannon (1932)

Answer 6

American physiologist coined and developed the term HOMEOSTASIS to indicate the set of organic processes aimed at maintaining constant physical and chemical properties of the internal environment.

Question 7

What began in 1952?

Answer 7

The era of Molecular Physiology when James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins (Nobel Prize 1962) and Rosalind Franklin deduced the structure of DNA.

Question 8

What year was the human genome sequenced?

Answer 8

2000

Question 9

Adaptation

Answer 9

Physiological, anatomical and behavioural characteristics appropriate to the requirements of the environment in which a species lives, acquired by natural selection. Over several generations. E.g. Genetic adaptation.

Example: Darwin’s finches
During sever droughts, only available food source were tough seeds. Finches with larger bills can open seeds more easily. Large bill is adaptation that increases survival rates when rain is scarce.

Question 10

Acclimatization

Answer 10

anatomical, biochemical and physiological changes that occur in a single individual when it is exposed to new conditions that have happened in the natural environment in which the same animal is adapted.
Occurs within lifetime of organism. Phenotypic change.

Example: humans migrating to higher altitude develop an increase in number of red blood cells to increase oxygen carrying capacity of blood.

Question 11

Acclimation

Answer 11

anatomical, biochemical and physiological changes that occur in a single individual when exposed to experimentally induced environmental changes. Phenotypic change.

Example: Acclimating pet fish by placing the fish in the aquarium water in a bag with the transport water until the temperature of both water sets even out.