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Part I Boards Review > Physiology I Material > Flashcards

Physiology I Material Flashcards

1
Q

name the 4 types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous

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2
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

cells responsible for organs specialized functions

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3
Q

What is stroma?

A

cells which have a supporting role in the organ

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4
Q

Principle functions of epithelial tissues (3)

A

protection, absorption and secretion

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5
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

CT that underlies the epithelial lining of different body systems

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6
Q

What are papillae?

A

small, irregular evaginations that increase contact area between epithelium and CT

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7
Q

The ______ is a specialized, sheet-like extracellular material at the basal surface of epithelial cells

A

basement membrane

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8
Q

the basement membrane attaches epithelia to _____

A

CT

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9
Q

the 2 layers of the basement membrane:

A

basal lamina (top) and reticular lamina (bottom)

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10
Q

the basal lamina is made up of (4):

A

laminin, type IV collagen, entactin/nidogen and perlecan

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11
Q

the reticular lamina is made up of (2):

A

type III collagen and type VII collagen

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12
Q

tight/occluding junctions (zonulae occludens) function:

A

to form a seal between adjacent cells

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13
Q

Adherent/anchoring junctions function:

A

to serve as a site of string cell adhesion

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14
Q

Gap junction function:

A

channels for communication between adjacent cells

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15
Q

the major constituent of CT

A

ECM (extracellular matrix)

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16
Q

the ECM is made up of (2):

A

protein fibers and ground substance

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17
Q

Ground substance is made up of (3):

A

hydrophilic proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and multiadhesive glycoproteins

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18
Q

Glycoproteins stabilize the ECM by binding to matrix components and _________

A

integrins in the cell membrane

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19
Q

CT originates from ______ ______, which primarily comes from _______

A

embryonic mesenchyme ; mesoderm

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20
Q

cells that are undifferentiated, have large nuclei and are spindle shaped:

A

mesenchymal cells

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21
Q

the most common cell in CT:

A

fibroblast

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22
Q

fibroblasts synthesize and secrete (5):

A

collagen, elastin, GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins in the ECM

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23
Q

fibroblasts are the target of:

A

growth factors

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24
Q

macrophages specialize in:

A

phagocytosis

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25
Q

leukocytes are:

A

White Blood Cells

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26
Q

Leukocytes leave the blood and enter CT via a process called:

A

diapedesis

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27
Q

the 3 main types of fibers in CT:

A

collagen, reticular and elastic

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28
Q

collagen is extremely _____ and resistant to _______

A

strong ; normal shearing and tearing forces

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29
Q

the most abundant protein in the human body:

A

collagen

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30
Q

the number of collagen types present in vertebrates:

A

28

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31
Q

the three subunits of collagens:

A

fibrillar, sheet-forming and linking/anchoring

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32
Q

the types of fibrillar collagens (3):

A

collagen type I,II, and III

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33
Q

the type of sheet-forming collagen:

A

collagen type IV

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34
Q

the type of linking/anchoring collagen:

A

collagen type VII

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35
Q

the general structure of collagen:

A

procollagen alpha chains. three are stabilized into a triple helix by disulfide bonds

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36
Q

collagenases are members of the enzyme class called:

A

matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)

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37
Q

reticular fibers consist mainly of:

A

collagen type III

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38
Q

reticular fibers occur where?

A

reticular lamina of the basement membrane

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39
Q

Elastic fibers are a composite of ____ ____ embedded in a larger mass of _____ _____

A

fibrillin microfibrils; cross-linked elastin

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40
Q

elastin resists digestion by most proteases, but is hydrolyzed by pancreatic ________

A

elastase

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41
Q

GAG structure:

A

repeating disaccharide units, usually a ironic acid and a hexosamine

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42
Q

the largest, most ubiquitous GAG:

A

Hyaluronic acid

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43
Q

the 4 major sulfated GAGs:

A

dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate and heparan sulfate

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44
Q

a proteoglycan consists of:

A

a core protein covalently bonded to sulfated GAGs

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45
Q

embryonic mesenchyme is rich in (2):

A

hyaluronate and water

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46
Q

what is a molecule with oligosaccharide chains that have roles in adhesion?

A

glycoproteins

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47
Q

integrins are:

A

heterodimers of two transmembrane polypeptides- alpha and beta chains

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48
Q

what are clustered-microfilament complexes in fibroblasts?

A

focal adhesion

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49
Q

hydrostatic pressure of the blood is caused by _______, which forces _________.

A

the pumping action of the heart ; water out across the capillary wall

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50
Q

colloid osmotic pressure produced by _______, draws water _________.

A

plasma proteins ; back into the capillaries

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51
Q

This generally supports epithelial tissue. it is well vascularized. it has an equal number of components. can be called areolar tissue. it is flexible but not resistant to stress.

A

Loose CT

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52
Q

This is stress resistant and provides protection. its composition has fewer cells, and more collagen fibers than ground substance.

A

Dense CT

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53
Q

ligaments/tendons are made up of:

A

dense regular CT

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54
Q

Type of CT that is tough, resilient and supports some soft tissues. it is characterized by its ECM.

A

cartilage

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55
Q

the cells in cartilage:

A

chondrocytes

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56
Q

chondrocytes function to:

A

synthesize and maintain ECM components

57
Q

chondrocytes are found in:

A

matrix cavities called lacunae

58
Q

the major functional importance of cartilage:

A

shock absorber

59
Q

hyaline cartilage is high in:

A

collagen type II

60
Q

elastic cartilage is high in:

A

elastic fibers and collagen type II

61
Q

fibrocartilage is high in:

A

collagen type I fibers

62
Q

all cartilage is _____ and receives nutrients via _____.

A

avascular ; diffusion

63
Q

cartilage lacks (2):

A

lymphatic vessels and nerves

64
Q

perichondrium is made up of (3):

A

dense CT, collagen type I and fibroblasts

65
Q

________ forms the interface between cartilage and tissue

A

perichondrium

66
Q

_________ cartilage lacks perichondrium

A

articular

67
Q

______ cartilage is the most common type of cartilage

A

hyaline

68
Q

_______ is the most abundant proteoglycan of hyaline cartilage

A

aggrecan

69
Q

the major regulator of hyaline cartilage growth:

A

somatotropin

70
Q

IV discs and the pubic symphysis are made up of ________

A

fibrocartilage

71
Q

there is no distinct perichondrium in

A

fibrocartilage

72
Q

collagen forms from embryonic mesenchyme via a process called:

A

chondrogenesis

73
Q

cartilage tissue enlarges via (2):

A

interstitial and appositional growth

74
Q

3 major cell types in bone:

A

osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts

75
Q

the CT on the internal surface of bone surrounding the marrow cavity:

A

endosteum

76
Q

the CT on the external surface of bone:

A

periosteum

77
Q

oseocytes have processes that occupy ______.

A

canaliculi

78
Q

________ bind periosteum to bone

A

Sharpey’s fibers

79
Q

concentric lamellae surrounding the central canal of bone:

A

osteon

80
Q

in between lamellae are:

A

lacunae

81
Q

lacunae are interconnected via:

A

canaliculi

82
Q

around the outer boundary of each osteon is a collagen rich layer called:

A

the cement line

83
Q

central canals communicate with the marrow cavity and periosteum and one another via:

A

perforating/Volkmann canals

84
Q

what are interstitial lamellae?

A

lamellae remaining from partially destroyed osteoclasts

85
Q

Where are inner circumferential lamellae located?

A

around the marrow cavity

86
Q

Where are external circumferential lamellae located?

A

immediately beneath periosteum

87
Q

the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

88
Q

a muscle cell membrane and its external lamina

A

sarcolemma

89
Q

skeletal muscle is:

A

striated and multinucleated

90
Q

cells that remain adjacent to differentiated skeletal muscle:

A

satellite cells

91
Q

dense CT surrounding an entire muscle:

A

epimysium

92
Q

thin CT that surrounds each bundle of muscle fibers (fascicle):

A

perimysium

93
Q

a delicate layer of reticular fibers and scattered fibroblasts that surround external lamina of individual muscle fibers:

A

endomysium

94
Q

A bands are _____ in color

A

dark

95
Q

I bands are _____ in color

A

light

96
Q

the Z disc bisects each ___ ____

A

I band

97
Q

The A band is made up of (1):

A

myosin

98
Q

a molecule with 3 subunits that binds to tropomyosin and Ca+:

A

troponin

99
Q

A protein in I bands that is the largest protein in the body:

A

titin

100
Q

The A band is bisected by the ___ _______ which is bisected by the ___ _____.

A

H zone; M line

101
Q

contraction of muscle is induced when an action potential arrives at:

A

the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

102
Q

this covers myosin-binding sites on actin filaments:

A

tropomyosin

103
Q

stretch detectors among muscle fascicles:

A

muscle spindles

104
Q

____ ____ ____ are highly adapted for brief, episodic and intense contractions

A

skeletal muscle cells

105
Q

skeletal muscle can have three subunits, which are partially controlled by the frequency of impulses and the type of work they do:

A

red, white and intemediate

106
Q

cardiac muscle is (2):

A

striated and has intercalated discs

107
Q

smooth muscle is (2):

A

not striated and is made up of closely packed fusiform cells

108
Q

2 proteins that control sliding filaments in smooth muscle:

A

myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and calmodulin

109
Q

antigen presenting cells in the skin

A

Langerhans cells

110
Q

tactile epithelial cells

A

Merkel cells

111
Q

the epidermis consists mainly of:

A

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium (keratinocytes)

112
Q

the layers of skin listed from the environment to dermis:

A

stratum corneum, stratum lucid, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale

113
Q

the final steps in the process of ______ happen in the stratum granulosum

A

keratinization

114
Q

_____ _____ is only found in thick skin

A

stratum lucidum

115
Q

the dermis has two sublayers:

A

the papillary and reticular layers

116
Q

the papillary layer of the dermis is made up of:

A

loose CT, collagen type I and III and fibroblasts

117
Q

the reticular layer of the dermis is made up of:

A

thick, dense irregular CT

118
Q

Subcutaneous tisse = _____ = superficial fascia

A

hypodermis

119
Q

3 types of unencapsulated receptors in the skin:

A

Merkel cell, free nerve endings, and root hair plexuses

120
Q

receptors that respond to light touch and textures:

A

Merkel cell

121
Q

receptors that respond to high and low temperatures, pain, itchiness, and is a tactile receptor:

A

free nerve endings

122
Q

receptors that detect the movement of hair:

A

root hair plexuses

123
Q

there are 4 encapsulated receptors:

A

Meissner’s corpuscles, Lamellaed (pacinian) corpuscles, Krause end bulbs and ruff ini corpuscles

124
Q

receptors that are initiated when light touch or low frequency deforms their shape:

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

125
Q

receptors specialized in sensing coarse touch, pressure, and vibrations:

A

lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

126
Q

receptors that sense low frequency vibration in the genital region:

A

krause end bulbs

127
Q

receptors stimulated by tension or torque:

A

ruffini corpusles

128
Q

the epiphyseal plate (disc) separates the epiphysis and diaphysis of a bone and is made of:

A

hyaline cartilage

129
Q

periosteum has how many layers?

A

2

130
Q

the outer fibrous layer of periosteum contains (4):

A

collagen type I fibers, fibroblasts, blood vessels and nerves

131
Q

the inner cellular layer of periosteum contains (1):

A

bone cells (osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts)

132
Q

_____ give rise to osteoblasts

A

osteoprogenitor cells

133
Q

what is Wolff’s Law?

A

bone remodels its shape according to the way force is transmitted through it

134
Q

what type of bone growth occurs between the diaphysis and physics of bones?

A

interstitial growth

135
Q

inflammation of bone tissue caused b injury/infection

A

osteitis

136
Q

overstretching or tearing of ligamentous tissue

A

sprains

137
Q

damage to muscle tissue

A

strains

138
Q

protein that connects thin filaments to the sarolemma of the cell, thus helping to transmit muscle tension to the muscle tendon

A

Dystrophin

139
Q

stretch receptor located at the myotendinous junction

A

golgi tendon organ

Part I Boards Review (19 decks)

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