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Part I Boards Review > Biochemistry I Material > Flashcards

Biochemistry I Material Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular bonding is based on ____ and ____

A

valence electrons; electronegativity

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2
Q

having a higher electronegativity means you are a better electron _____

A

acceptor

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3
Q

having a lower electronegativity means you are a better electron _____

A

donor

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4
Q

in a nonpolar covalent bond electrons are:

A

shared equally

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5
Q

in a polar covalent bond electrons are:

A

shared unequally

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6
Q

in an ionic bond electrons are:

A

transferred

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7
Q

determines physical properties like boiling point, viscosity etc.

A

intermolecular forces (IMF)

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8
Q

the force found between all molecules:

A

london dispersion forces (van der Waal’s forces

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9
Q

there are only ____ in non polar molecules

A

IMF

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10
Q

the force that occurs between two polar molecules

A

dipole-dipole forces

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11
Q

hydrogen bonding is a type of:

A

dipole-dipole interaction

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12
Q

force that occurs between ionic and polar molecules:

A

ion-dipole interactions

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13
Q

what is the strongest intermolecular force?

A

ion-dipole interactions

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14
Q

to be organic you must contain:

A

hydrocarbons

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15
Q

inorganic substances do not contain:

A

hydrocarbons

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16
Q

the more carbons a molecule has, the more ____ it becomes

A

nonpolar

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17
Q

an alcohol contains a:

A

hydroxyl group (-OH)

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18
Q

an aldehyde contains a:

A

carbonyl on the end of a molecule (-CHO)

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19
Q

a ketone contains a:

A

carbonyl in the middle of a molecule

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20
Q

carboxylic acid contains a:

A

carbonyl and hydroxyl on the end of a molecule

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21
Q

when acids are ionized, the -ic acid ending is replaced with:

A

-ate

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22
Q

an ester contains a:

A

carbonyl and oxygen in the middle of a molecule

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23
Q

an ether is the reaction of two alcohols. it contains a:

A

an oxygen connecting two carbon chains

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24
Q

when a primary alcohol undergoes oxidation, it turns into a(n):

A

aldehyde

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25
Q

when an aldehyde undergoes oxidation, it turns into a(n):

A

carboxylic acid

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26
Q

when a secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation, it turns into a(n):

A

ketone

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27
Q

when a tertiary alcohol undergoes oxidation:

A

there is no reaction

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28
Q

in a hydrolysis reaction, water is a:

A

reactant

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29
Q

methylation makes a molecule less:

A

polar

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30
Q

name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins:

A

A,D,E,K

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31
Q

acids ____ hydrogen ions

A

donate

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32
Q

bases ____ hydrogen ions

A

accept

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33
Q

the 3 things that stimulate peristalsis:

A

distention, irritation, and parasympathetic nerve signals

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34
Q

the two parts to the enteric nervous system:

A

the submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus

35
Q

the myenteric plexus is found between what two layers in the GI tract?

A

the longitudinal and circular muscles

36
Q

the submucosal plexus is found where?

A

in the submucosa

37
Q

the myenteric plexus controls:

A

movement

38
Q

the submucosal plexus controls:

A

secretions

39
Q

neurotransmitters that release acetylcholine by the enteric neurons is:

A

stimulatory

40
Q

neurotransmitters that release norepinephrine by the enteric neurons is:

A

inhibitory

41
Q

parasympathetic stimulation ____ activity in the GI tract

A

increases

42
Q

sympathetic stimulation _____ activity in the GI tract

A

inhibits

43
Q

what can be digested in the mouth?

A

carbs and lipids

44
Q

swallowing is regulated by the:

A

medulla

45
Q

what are the 4 types of cells in the stomach?

A

parietal cells, chief cells, neck cells, and enteroendocrine cells

46
Q

neck cells secrete ____ and _____

A

mucus; bicarbonate

47
Q

parietal cells secrete ___ and ____

A

HCl; intrinsic factor (IF)

48
Q

chief cells secrete:

A

enzymes (pepsinogen and gastric lipase)

49
Q

enteroendocrine cells secrete:

A

hormones.

50
Q

what can be digested in the stomach?

A

proteins and lipids

51
Q

gastrin is released from __ cells

A

G

52
Q

stimulates HCl secretion and mucosal growth

A

gastrin

53
Q

secretin is released from ___ cells

A

S

54
Q

Stimulates pepsinogen secretion; decreases gastric motility

A

secretin

55
Q

CCK is released from __ cells

A

I

56
Q

decreases gastric emptying

A

cck

57
Q

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is released from __ cells

A

K

58
Q

decreases gastric motility:

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide

59
Q

motilin is released from ___ cells

A

M

60
Q

increases gastric motility

A

motilin

61
Q

chyme is released into the small intestine through the:

A

pyloric sphincter

62
Q

gastric emptying is controlled by the:

A

hypothalamus

63
Q

the three portions of the small intestine:

A

jejunum, ileum, and duodenum

64
Q

____ is the primary site for absorption in the small intestine

A

jejunum

65
Q

____ is the primary site for digestion in the small intestine

A

duodenum

66
Q

the ileum connects to the large intestine through the:

A

ileocecal sphincter

67
Q

what are the four layers of the small intestine?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa

68
Q

the mucosa of the small intestine produces and releases:

A

enzymes, hormones and digestive juices

69
Q

the submucosa of the small intestine:

A

regulates secretions

70
Q

the muscularis externa of the small intestine is made up of ____ which is necessary for peristalsis.

A

smooth muscle

71
Q

the serosa of the small intestine acts as:

A

a protective coating

72
Q

what increases intestinal permeability? (3)

A

inflammatory compounds, psychological stress, and high fat diet/bile.

73
Q

what can be digested in the small intestine by brush border enzymes? (2)

A

carbs and proteins

74
Q

what hormone affects the small intestine?

A

motilin

75
Q

the endocrine cells of the pancreas secrete (2):

A

insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells)

76
Q

the exocrine cells of the pancreas secrete (4):

A

pancreatic juices, bicarbonate, electrolytes and digestive enzymes

77
Q

What can be digested in the small intestine by pancreatic enzymes? (3)

A

carbs, lipids and proteins

78
Q

what are the peptide hormones that affect the pancreas? (3)

A

secretin, cck, and gastric inhibitory peptide

79
Q

macrophage-containing cells that engulf bacteria from the small intestine. they line the sinusoids of the liver.

A

kupffer cells

80
Q

a major bile acid made in the liver

A

cholic acid (cholate)

81
Q

what are the 5 sections of the large intestine?

A

cecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

82
Q

no ____ happens in the large intestine, but ____ does

A

digestion; fermentation

83
Q

the hormone that affects the large intestine

A

motilin

84
Q

4 absorption mechanisms:

A

active transport, passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, endocytosis

Part I Boards Review (19 decks)

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