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Part I Boards Review > Biochemistry I Material > Flashcards

Biochemistry I Material Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular bonding is based on ____ and ____

A

valence electrons; electronegativity

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2
Q

having a higher electronegativity means you are a better electron _____

A

acceptor

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3
Q

having a lower electronegativity means you are a better electron _____

A

donor

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4
Q

in a nonpolar covalent bond electrons are:

A

shared equally

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5
Q

in a polar covalent bond electrons are:

A

shared unequally

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6
Q

in an ionic bond electrons are:

A

transferred

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7
Q

determines physical properties like boiling point, viscosity etc.

A

intermolecular forces (IMF)

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8
Q

the force found between all molecules:

A

london dispersion forces (van der Waal’s forces

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9
Q

there are only ____ in non polar molecules

A

IMF

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10
Q

the force that occurs between two polar molecules

A

dipole-dipole forces

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11
Q

hydrogen bonding is a type of:

A

dipole-dipole interaction

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12
Q

force that occurs between ionic and polar molecules:

A

ion-dipole interactions

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13
Q

what is the strongest intermolecular force?

A

ion-dipole interactions

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14
Q

to be organic you must contain:

A

hydrocarbons

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15
Q

inorganic substances do not contain:

A

hydrocarbons

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16
Q

the more carbons a molecule has, the more ____ it becomes

A

nonpolar

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17
Q

an alcohol contains a:

A

hydroxyl group (-OH)

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18
Q

an aldehyde contains a:

A

carbonyl on the end of a molecule (-CHO)

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19
Q

a ketone contains a:

A

carbonyl in the middle of a molecule

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20
Q

carboxylic acid contains a:

A

carbonyl and hydroxyl on the end of a molecule

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21
Q

when acids are ionized, the -ic acid ending is replaced with:

A

-ate

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22
Q

an ester contains a:

A

carbonyl and oxygen in the middle of a molecule

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23
Q

an ether is the reaction of two alcohols. it contains a:

A

an oxygen connecting two carbon chains

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24
Q

when a primary alcohol undergoes oxidation, it turns into a(n):

A

aldehyde

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25
when an aldehyde undergoes oxidation, it turns into a(n):
carboxylic acid
26
when a secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation, it turns into a(n):
ketone
27
when a tertiary alcohol undergoes oxidation:
there is no reaction
28
in a hydrolysis reaction, water is a:
reactant
29
methylation makes a molecule less:
polar
30
name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins:
A,D,E,K
31
acids ____ hydrogen ions
donate
32
bases ____ hydrogen ions
accept
33
the 3 things that stimulate peristalsis:
distention, irritation, and parasympathetic nerve signals
34
the two parts to the enteric nervous system:
the submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus
35
the myenteric plexus is found between what two layers in the GI tract?
the longitudinal and circular muscles
36
the submucosal plexus is found where?
in the submucosa
37
the myenteric plexus controls:
movement
38
the submucosal plexus controls:
secretions
39
neurotransmitters that release acetylcholine by the enteric neurons is:
stimulatory
40
neurotransmitters that release norepinephrine by the enteric neurons is:
inhibitory
41
parasympathetic stimulation ____ activity in the GI tract
increases
42
sympathetic stimulation _____ activity in the GI tract
inhibits
43
what can be digested in the mouth?
carbs and lipids
44
swallowing is regulated by the:
medulla
45
what are the 4 types of cells in the stomach?
parietal cells, chief cells, neck cells, and enteroendocrine cells
46
neck cells secrete ____ and _____
mucus; bicarbonate
47
parietal cells secrete ___ and ____
HCl; intrinsic factor (IF)
48
chief cells secrete:
enzymes (pepsinogen and gastric lipase)
49
enteroendocrine cells secrete:
hormones.
50
what can be digested in the stomach?
proteins and lipids
51
gastrin is released from __ cells
G
52
stimulates HCl secretion and mucosal growth
gastrin
53
secretin is released from ___ cells
S
54
Stimulates pepsinogen secretion; decreases gastric motility
secretin
55
CCK is released from __ cells
I
56
decreases gastric emptying
cck
57
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is released from __ cells
K
58
decreases gastric motility:
Gastric inhibitory peptide
59
motilin is released from ___ cells
M
60
increases gastric motility
motilin
61
chyme is released into the small intestine through the:
pyloric sphincter
62
gastric emptying is controlled by the:
hypothalamus
63
the three portions of the small intestine:
jejunum, ileum, and duodenum
64
____ is the primary site for absorption in the small intestine
jejunum
65
____ is the primary site for digestion in the small intestine
duodenum
66
the ileum connects to the large intestine through the:
ileocecal sphincter
67
what are the four layers of the small intestine?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa
68
the mucosa of the small intestine produces and releases:
enzymes, hormones and digestive juices
69
the submucosa of the small intestine:
regulates secretions
70
the muscularis externa of the small intestine is made up of ____ which is necessary for peristalsis.
smooth muscle
71
the serosa of the small intestine acts as:
a protective coating
72
what increases intestinal permeability? (3)
inflammatory compounds, psychological stress, and high fat diet/bile.
73
what can be digested in the small intestine by brush border enzymes? (2)
carbs and proteins
74
what hormone affects the small intestine?
motilin
75
the endocrine cells of the pancreas secrete (2):
insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells)
76
the exocrine cells of the pancreas secrete (4):
pancreatic juices, bicarbonate, electrolytes and digestive enzymes
77
What can be digested in the small intestine by pancreatic enzymes? (3)
carbs, lipids and proteins
78
what are the peptide hormones that affect the pancreas? (3)
secretin, cck, and gastric inhibitory peptide
79
macrophage-containing cells that engulf bacteria from the small intestine. they line the sinusoids of the liver.
kupffer cells
80
a major bile acid made in the liver
cholic acid (cholate)
81
what are the 5 sections of the large intestine?
cecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid
82
no ____ happens in the large intestine, but ____ does
digestion; fermentation
83
the hormone that affects the large intestine
motilin
84
4 absorption mechanisms:
active transport, passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, endocytosis

Part I Boards Review (19 decks)

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