Physiology: Heart and blood Flashcards
Which of ECG leads are unipolar?
Select one or more:
a) Augmented leads (AVR, AVL, AVF)
b) Wilson’s leads (V1-V6)
c) Standard leads (I, II and III)
A and B
Augmented leads (AVR, AVL, AVF)
Wilson’s leads (V1-V6)
Which ion influx causes slow diastolic depolarization in the pace-maker cells?
Select one or more:
a) Sodium through funny sodium channels
b) Potassium
c) Calcium through T channels
d) Sodium through fast sodium channels
e) Calcium through L channels
A and C
Sodium through funny sodium channels
Calcium through T channels
What is correct about the absolute refractory phase of the working myocardium
cell in the ventricle?
Select one or more:
a) During it threshold stimuli cannot excite the cell
b) During it only optimal suprathreshold stimuli can activate the cell
c) During it sodium can flow into the cell
d) During it inactivation gates of sodium voltage gated channels can be
closed
e) It is about 0,3-0,5 s long
A, C, D
- During it threshold stimuli cannot excite the cell
- During it sodium can flow into the cell
- During it inactivation gates of sodium voltage gated channels can be
closed
What is correct about the parasympathetic effect on the heart?
Select one or more:
a) Neurotransmitter released on the cardiac muscle cells is acetylcholine
b) It comes from first 4 thoracic segments of the spinal cord
c) It decreases heart rate
d) Receptor stimulated in the heart is beta 1
e) It increased force of contraction
A and C
Neurotransmitter released on the cardiac muscle cells is acetylcholine
It decreases heart rate
What is correct about the passive filling phase of the left ventricle?
Select one or more:
a) During it semilunar valves are open2
b) During it atria contract
c) During it atrioventricular valves are open
d) During it the more blood flows into the ventricle than in active filling
e) The fourth heart sound is heard in the beginning of it
C and D
- During it atrioventricular valves are open
- During it the more blood flows into the ventricle than in active filling
Calculate the cardiac output in ml/min from these parameters:
Heart rate 65 x/min
End diastolic volume 119 ml
Stroke volume 61 ml
Cardiac output is 3965 ml/min
(HR x SV)
Which from arterial blood pressure affecting factors can be directly influenced by
baroreceptor reflex?
Select one or more:
a) Viscosity of blood
b) Heart contractility
c) Circulating blood volume
d) Peripheral vascular resistance
e) Elasticity of aorta
B, C, D
Heart contractility
circulating blood volume
peripheral vascular resistance
What from mentioned is correct if the measured blood pressure in the brachial
artery is 140/65 mmHg?
Select one or more:
a) Systolic pressure is normal
b) Person might have large stroke volume
c) Diastolic pressure is normal
d) Pulse pressure is 100 mmHg
e) Person has high peripheral resistance
B and C
- Person might have large stroke volume
- Diastolic pressure is normal
The second heart sound is caused by:
Select one:
a) Ventricular filling
b) Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
c) Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
d) Closure of the AV valve
e) Blood turbulence during contraction of atria
C
Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
What is normal pulse wave velocity in the leg arteries?
a) 0,15 - 0,2 m/s
b) 0,3 - 0,5 m/s
c) 5 - 6 m/s
d) 6 - 7 m/s
e) 7 - 8 m/s
E
What characterizes the coronary circulation?
Select one or more:
a) It receives about 200 ml/min of blood
b) It receives blood from the pulmonary trunk
c) It increases during physical activity
d) It is more intense in systole than diastole
e) It receives about 20% of cardiac output
A and C
- It receives about 200 ml/min of blood
- It increases during physical activity
When in indirect blood pressure measurement if pressure in cuff is slowly
decreased you will read the value of the diastolic blood pressure?
Select one or more:
a) In auscultatory method - when the first Korotkov’s sound will be heard
b) In auscultatory method - when the last Korotkov’s sound will disappear
c) In oscillometric method - at the time of highest oscillation
d) In palpatory method - when pulse disappears on the radial artery
e) In palpatory method - when pulse appears on the radial artery
B
Which substance does contract vascular smooth muscle cells?
Select one:
a) EDHF - Endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor
b) Endothelins
c) Thromboxane A2
d) Leukotrienes
e) Serotonin
B, C, D, and E
Endothelins
Thromboxane A2
Leukotrienes
Serotonin
What is correct about the pulmonary circulation?
Select one or more:
a) Increase of partial pressure of carbon dioxide leads to dilation of arterioles
b) It receives blood from the aorta4
c) It delivers blood to alveolar capillaries
d) Arterial blood flows through veins
e) It receives 1-2% from the cardiac output
A, C and D
- Increase of partial pressure of carbon dioxide leads to dilation of arterioles
- It delivers blood to alveolar capillaries
- Arterial blood flows through veins
Which pressure increase can decrease filtration through the capillary wall?
Select one or more:
a) Colloid-osmotic pressure in the interstitium
b) Colloid-osmotic pressure in the capillaries
c) Colloid-osmotic pressure in the sub glycocalyx space
d) Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium
e) Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary
B, C, and D
- Colloid-osmotic pressure in the capillaries
- Colloid-osmotic pressure in the sub
glycocalyx space
- Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium
If blood pressure in carotid sinus is decreased:
(select the right option from the brackets)
Baroreceptors
[decrease/increase] activity
Impulse frequency to the cardiovascular control centre [decreases/increases]
Cardioacceleratory centre becomes [less/more]
active
Cardioinhibitory centre becomes [less/more]
active
Vasomotor centre becomes
[less/more]
active
Heart rate
[decreases/increases]
Blood vessels
[dilate/constrict]
If blood pressure in carotid sinus is decreased:
Baroreceptors
[decrease] activity
Impulse frequency to the cardiovascular control centre [decreases]
Cardioacceleratory centre becomes [more]
active
Cardioinhibitory centre becomes [less]
active
Vasomotor centre becomes
[more]
active
Heart rate
increases
Blood vessels
constrict
Calculate the ankle brachial index for the 50 year old person (round to 2 decimal places, separate them with point/dot):
Heart rate 68 x/min
Blood pressure in the brachial artery 122/86 mmHg
Blood pressure in the ankle artery 102/67 mmHg
102/122=0,84
What can increase peripheral resistance to blood flow?
a) Greater viscosity of blood
b) Vasodilation
c) Lower pressure difference between both ends of the blood vessel
d) Longer blood vessel length
e) Increased concentration of proteins in blood
Increased concentration of proteins in blood
Greater viscosity of blood
….and?
