More physio colloq 2 Flashcards
Which statement about the myogenic blood vessel diameter regulation is correct?
a) It can be triggered by nitric oxide
b) It is related with IP3 and DAG generation in the smooth muscle cells
c) It activates due to stretch of blood vessel wall and leads to vasodilation
d) It is activated by opening of ligand-gated calcium channels in smooth muscle cells
e) It activates due to stretch of blood vessel wall and leads to vasoconstriction
e) It activates due to stretch of blood vessel wall and leads to vasoconstriction
Which factors increase cerebral blood flow?
a) Greater blood pressure in the external carotid arteries
b) Lower activity is the vasomotor centre in the brain
c) Lower intracranial pressure
d) Dilation of vertebral arteries
e) Lower arterial blood pressure
c) Lower intracranial pressure
d) Dilation of vertebral arteries
Which organs/tissues get greater blood volume during physical exercise than at rest?
Skin
Gastrointestinal
Renal
Coronary
Pulmonary
Coronary
Skin
Which neurotransmitter and corresponding receptor works at the end of sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers?
Acetylcholine ->M1 cholinoreceptor
Acetylcholine ->M3 cholinoreceptor
Norepinephrine -> alpha1 adrenoreceptor
Norepinephrine -> beta 2 adrenoreceptor
Norepinephrine -> beta 1 adrenoreceptor
Acetylcholine ->M2 cholinoreceptor
Norepinephrine -> alpha1 adrenoreceptor
During physical activity skeletal muscles receive more blood in relaxation than in contraction phase. true/false
True
Which metabolic factors dilate arterioles?
Increased potassium ion concentration extracellularly
Increased partial pressure of oxygen
Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Decreased pH
Alkalosis
Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Decreased pH
Increased potassium ion concentration extracellularly
Which of these persons have increased maximal oxygen uptake?
Male 36 ml/min
Female 46 ml/min
Male, 68 ml/min
Male, 51 ml/min
Female, 28 ml/min
average
female: 30-40ml/min
male 45-50ml/min tai jotain
How much blood in l/min at rest is delivered to the pulmonary circulation (if decimal places are used, please separate them with the point/dot)?
5 l/min
Which mechanisms DO NOT provide substance exchange through the capillary wall?
Osmosis
Diffusion
Macropinocitosis
Filtration
Micropinocitosis
Macrpinocytosis
Increase of baroreceptor activity will cause…
a) Decreased excitation of sympathetic efferent effect to heart
b) Increased excitation of parasympathetic efferent effect to heart
c) Decreased heart activity
d) Decreased excitation of nucleus tractus solitarii
e) Increased heart contractility
f) Increased excitation of nucleus tractus solitarii
g) Decreased excitation of parasympathetic efferent effect to heart
h) Increased excitation of sympathetic efferent effect to heart
A C F
Which pressure increase can lead to greater filtration through the capillary wall?
a) Colloid-osmotic pressure in the interstitium
b) Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary
c) Colloid-osmotic pressure in the capillary
d) Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium
e) Colloid-osmotic pressure in the subglycocalyx space
B
What from the mentioned happens during the isovolumetric contraction phase of the
left ventricle?
a) Semilunar valves are closed during it
b) Pressure in the ventricle is greater than pressure in the atrium
c) Pressure in the ventricle does not change
d) There is end diastolic volume in the left ventricle at the beginning of it
e) At the end of it the second heart sound is recorded
ABD
Which of the following can increase stroke volume of the left ventricle?
a) Increased ventricular filling pressure
b) Increased epinephrine level in blood
c) Increase of end diastolic volume
d) Increased heart rate
e) Increased activity of cardiac parasympathetic nerves
C
What events are seen in PQs?
a) Repolarization of atria
b) Repolarization of ventricles
c) Impulse spread through the atria
d) Impulse spread through the AV node
e) Impulse spread through the ventricles
D
What is correct about the sympathetic effect on the heart?
a) It realizes through beta 2 receptor
b) It leads to increased permeability of funny sodium channels
c) It leads to increased permeability of L-type calcium channels
d) Neurotransmitter increases IP3 and DAG generation in the cardiac muscle
e) It leads to increased permeability of potassium channels
b
Which of these effects are caused by sympathetic nervous system?
a. contraction of bronchial smooth muscle
b. male erection
c. stimulation of lipolysis
d. constriction of pupils
e. increase in heart contractility
c and e
Sympathetic NS causes bronchial vasodilation, vasodilation of pupils (larger vision)
Which of these effects ARE NOT caused by sympathetic nervous system?
a. contraction of bronchial smooth muscle
b. male erection
c. stimulation of lipolysis
d. constriction of pupils
e. increase in heart contractility
b, a, d
Male erection caused by parasym. NS
What is correct about the lower motor neuron damage?
a. it is observed in damage of primary motor cortical area
b. it leads to lower muscle tone in the innervated muscle
c. it leads to spastic paralysis
d. it leads to atrophy of the innervated muscle
e. it leads to hyperactive reflexes in the innervated muscle
D
Types of paralysis:
Flaccid – damage of lower motor neurons
* Signs:
→ areflexia = damage of nerve fiber connecting the motor neuron with skeletal muscle =
reflex are lost
→ atonia = muscle tone decrease (same function as above)
→ atrophy = the skeletal muscle never gets activated and it undergoes atrophy
Spastic paralysis is because of upper motor neuron damage - Babinski reflex.
(from the brain to the motor neurons)
* Signs:
→ hyperreflexia
→ hypertonia
→ no atrophy
Which of mentioned are not parasympathetic effects in the body?
a. decreased platelet aggregation
b. decrease of glycogenolysis
c. dilation of coronary arterioles
d. constriction of bronchi
e. better far vision
C and E, also B, because PSNS does not innervate glycogenolysis
Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor mimetic drugs can decrease norepinephrine release
from sympathetic nerve fiber varicosities?
True/False
True:
Alpha 2 – Clonidine = located presynaptically, inhibits release of norepinephrine → decrease of arterial blood pressure, decreasing of contraction of smooth muscle cell (use for glaucoma in the eye in to high pressure)
Beta 2 adrenergic receptors blockers dilate pupils.
a. True
b. False
False:
Beta 2 dilates pupils due to the SNS innervation. Blocking Beta 2 should lead to pupils contraction.
In which case sympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter
for activation of effector organ?
a. Skeletal muscles fibers
b. Salivary glands
c. Pupillary muscle cells
d. Cardiac muscle cells
e. Sweat glands
E:
Within the sympathetic nervous system, the only postganglionic neurons that release acetylcholine as their primary neurotransmitter are those found innervating the sudoriferous (sweat) glands and some blood vessels of non-apical skin.
A particular type of adrenergic receptor in effector organ:
Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, or Beta 2, or Beta 3
-located on smooth muscle cells in bronchi
-cause relaxation of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels
-Presynaptic receptor in adrenergic synapse that stimulates norepinephrine
release
Beta 2
A particular type of adrenergic receptor in effector organ:
Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, or Beta 2, or Beta 3
-causes contraction of bladder sphincter muscle
- Stimulate IP3 and DAG production
- Causes contraction of smooth muscles in arterioles
Alpha 1
