Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Case 13: FASD > Physiology: Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Physiology: Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 6 major changes to maternal physiology

A
  1. Respiratory rate & tidal volume increase due to extra oxygen & carbon dioxide of fetus
  2. Blood volume increases by ~50% – make up for blood going to placenta, stimulated by decrease in PO2 & increase in PCO2
  3. Nutrient requirement increases by 10-30%
  4. Urine volume increases due to increased GFR
  5. Urinary frequency increases due to weight of fetus on bladder
  6. Uterus & breasts increase in size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the 3 influences during labor

A

Maternal
Fetal
Placental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the maternal influence during labor

A
  1. As baby moves further into mother’s birth canal it triggers & excites mechanoreceptors in cervix
  2. Afferent impulses to hypothalamus trigger efferent stimulation on posterior pituitary gland resulting in release of oxytocin
  3. Oxytocin targets mother’s uterine muscles causing the uterus to contract more vigorously
  4. Greater stimulation of mechanoreceptors resulting in + feedback
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the fetal influence during labor

A

Fetal oxytocin also released from pituitary under estrogen stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the placental’s influence during labor

A

Placental estrogen increase myometrium smooth muscle sensitivity to oxytocin
Placental relaxin relaxes pelvic ligament & dilates the cervix
Endometrial prostaglandins are stimulated by estrogen & oxytocin & increase smooth muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the 4 stages of labour

A

Stage 1: dilation of cervix
Stage 2: expulsion of fetus
Stage 3: expulsion of placenta
Stage 4: recovery involving contraction of uterus, involution & stopping of bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the anatomy of the breasts

A

15-25 independent lobes of tubulo-acinar glands made up of lobules (acini) flowing into the lactiferous duct & lactiferous sinus near the nipple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the nipple contain to eject milk

A

Longitudinal & circular muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the areola

A

Skin surrounding the nipple is pigmented with sebaceous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does mammary ridges during embryonal development run

A

From axilla through the position of mature nipple to groin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of mammary ridges

A

Creating area of potential breast development (majority it disappears except position of normal nipple)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is branching morphogenesis

A

Development of nipple, mammary buds & rudimentary mammary ducts within fibroconnective tissue stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the appearance of mammary glands before & at birth

A

Before birth: few fine tubular ectodermal downgrowth’s grow inward from nipple
At birth: primordia of 15-25 lobes formed with a lactiferous duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What stimulate breast development at puberty

A

Estrogen & progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the 3 things that occur during puberty to mammary glands

A
  1. Increase in cell division & epithelial growth mainly at end buds of ducts
  2. Increase complexity of ductal system as branches are added & extended & terminal lobules develop
  3. Increase adipose tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the appearance of inactive breast tissue

A

Sparse branching duct system surrounded by relatively dense fibrous interlobular tissue & adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the appearance of epithelial cells & myoepithelial cells in inactive breast tissue

A

Epithelial cells: columnar in large ducts & cuboidal in smaller acini
Basal layer of flattened myoepithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What becomes more distinct during cycling changes of menstruation at breast tissue level

A

Between epithelial & myoepithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What 4 things increase during cyclic changes in breast tissue

A
  1. Myoepithelial cell vacuoles
  2. Stromal oedema
  3. Stromal inflammatory infiltration
  4. Mitosis & apoptosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What hormones stimulate breast tissue to proliferate during pregnancy

A

Estrogen & progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to breast tissue during pregnancy

A

Duct epithelium proliferate & increase in secretory acini
Lobules expands at expense of intralobular tissue & interlobular adipose tissue separated by septa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does prolactin stimulate during pregnancy in breast tissue

A

Stimulate acini to start producing colostrum & dilate but not secrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What inhibit secretion of colostrum

A

Estrogen & progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What supporting tissue is at the intralobular space

A

Collagenous & vascular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What tissue is present at interlobular space

A

Collagenous interlobular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the appearance of intralobular stomach & epithelial cells of breast tissue during pregnancy

A

Contains infiltrates of lymphocytes, eosinophils & plasma cells
Epithelial cells contain cytoplasmic vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Absence of what allows for milk to flow during lactation

A

Placenta leading to decrease progesterone & estrogen

28
Q

Absence of what allows for milk to flow during lactation

A

Placenta leading to decrease progesterone & estrogen

29
Q

What 2 hormones promote for milk secretion

A

Prolactin & human chorionic somatomammotropin

30
Q

What is the appearance of breast tissue during lactation

A

Composed almost entirely of acini distended with milk separated by thin septa between lobules
Cells appear eosinophilic with clear vacuoles caused by lipids droplets
Epithelial cells are flattened

31
Q

What 4 things happen after lactation

A
  1. Secretory epithelial cells are removed by apoptosis & phagocytosis
  2. Proteolytic degradation of basement membrane
  3. Stromal remodeling
  4. Decrease in number of lobules/acini & number of ducts remain the same
32
Q

When does the breast undergo insulation & how fast

A

At weaning/end of suckling stimulus
Quickly

33
Q

What 3 things happen to the breast tissue during menopause

A
  1. Lobules & ducts reduced in number
  2. Intralobar stroma is replaced by collagen
  3. Glandular epithelium & interlobular connective tissue regress & replaced with fat
34
Q

At what rate does change in breast tissue occur during menopause

A

Protracted period

35
Q

How does the milk ejection reflex work

A

+ feedback loop driven between suckling & oxytocin release

36
Q

What is the effect of oxytocin during breastfeeding

A

Reduce stress & promotes emotional bonding between bother & child

37
Q

What is the effect of prolactin on breastfeeding & when is it released

A

Prolactin released from pituitary increase in response to suckling & stimulating milk production

38
Q

What is the effect of dopamine on breastfeeding

A

Inhibits release of prolactin but is overridden by suckling (neuroendocrine reflex)

39
Q

How does hatching occur & why

A

Enzymes that are secreted from trophoblastic cells
Exposed trophoblast cells can interact with uterine wall

40
Q

When does implantation occur & what does it mean

A

Day 7
Attachment of embryo to uterine lining (endometrium)

41
Q

In what phase is the uterus during implantation

A

Secretory phase

42
Q

Where does the blastocyst implant

A

Decidua basalis

43
Q

What occurs during stage 1 of attachment

A

1st interaction is between HB-EGF ligands from endometrium & EGF receptors from trophoblast cells
2nd interaction is between pinopodes (projections) from endometrial cells interact with microvilli on trophoblasts

44
Q

What occurs during decidualisation

A

Endometrial stroma form primary decidual zones

45
Q

Explain the 4 ways in which the primary decidual zone is formed

A
  1. Endometrial stromal cells proliferating & swells (hypertrophy) due to accumulation of glycogen & lipids with epithelial appearance (bi-nucleated)
  2. Secrete decidual prolactin (trophic factor) for corpus luteum
  3. Permeable vasculature
  4. Influx of leukocytes that secrete ILK2 to supress immune response to embryo
46
Q

What happens during stage 2 of implantation

A

Invasion into endometrial cells

47
Q

What 4 things happen during stage 2 implantation

A
  1. Trophoblast processes penetrate intercellular spaces between endometrial cells allowing blastocyst to penetrate between epithelial cells
  2. The number of desmosome linking endometrial cells decrease making it easier for blastocyst to invade endometrium
  3. Endometrial cells undergo apoptosis
  4. This leads to the formation of the secondary decidual zone & primary zone is remodeled by metalloproteinases
48
Q

Into what does the trophoblastic differentiate into after implantation

A

Cytotrophoblast & syncytiotrophoblast

49
Q

What 3 things forms the placenta

A

Cytotrophoblast + syncytiotrophoblast + uterus cells

50
Q

How is nutrients & gasses exchanged

A

Projections from cytotrophoblast & syncytiotrophoblast fuse with blood vessels in uterine wall

51
Q

What is the cytotrophoblast & what does it produce

A

Cellular trophoblast
Inner layer of mononucleated cells that produce primary chorionic villi as it [roduces into the syncytiotrophoblast

52
Q

What is the syncytiotrophoblast & what does it produce

A

Outer multinucleated mass of fused cells
Invades decidua basalis with fingerlike processes

53
Q

What occurs at day 8 of embryonic development

A

Interstitial invasion

54
Q

What does the syncytiotrophoblast produce during interstitial invasion & what is the 2 functions

A

Proteolytic enzymes
1. Erode uterine cells/decidua to cover blastocyst by endometrium
2. Erode spiral uterine arteries to form trophoblastic lacunae of maternal blood within syncytiotrophoblast cellular mass

55
Q

What develops during day 10-13 of embryonic development

A

Primary villi

56
Q

How does the primary villi form

A
  1. Trophoblastic lacunae expand
  2. Syncytiotrophoblast forms cords that migrate further into endometrium
  3. Proliferating cytotrophoblast cells invade syncytiotrophoblast network forming primary villi
57
Q

What occur at day 16 of embryonic development

A

Secondary villi formation

58
Q

How does secondary villi form

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm extend into primary villi to form secondary villi

59
Q

What is the secondary villi

A

A core of extraembryonic mesoderm surrounded by middle cytotrophoblast layer & outer syncytiotrophoblast layer

60
Q

What forms during day 21 of embryonic development

A

Tertiary villi

61
Q

How is tertiary villi formed

A
  1. Secondary villi invaded by embryonic blood vessels become vascularised tertiary villi
  2. Maternal blood is released into intervillous space
  3. Outer layer of chorionic villi immersed in maternal blood
62
Q

What is the function of the syncytiotrophoblast cells

A

To secrete hormones to sustain endometrial tissue

63
Q

What 4 hormones are secreted from syncytiotrophoblast

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin
Human chorionic somatomammotropin
Oestrogen
Progesterone

64
Q

What is the function of cytotrophoblast cells

A

Secrete FAS ligand to prevent immune rejection

65
Q

What is Hofbauer cells

A

Macrophages that are highly vacuolated cells

66
Q

Where & when do you find Hofbauer cells

A

Core of placental villi
In early pregnancy

Case 13: FASD (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions