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Case 13: FASD > Embryology: Placenta > Flashcards

Embryology: Placenta Flashcards

1
Q

From what is the placenta developed

A

Maternal & fetal contributes

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2
Q

From where is maternal contribution of placenta

A

Uterine endometrium

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3
Q

What is the basal plate/decidual plate

A

A thick layer of decidua basalis tissue that maternal spiral arteries & veins pass through to get to junctional zone

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4
Q

From where is fetal contribution of placenta

A

Chorionic plate (trophoblastic & extra-embryonic mesoderm)

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5
Q

Where is the junctional zone of placenta

A

Between basal plate & chorionic plate

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6
Q

What emerges form chorionic plate

A

Chorionic frondosum consist of numerous villi

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7
Q

What is the 6 functions of the placenta

A
  1. Immune receptor mediated endocytosis of maternal immunoglobulins
  2. Transport of ions (ATP dependent channels)
  3. Gas exchange (passive diffusion)
  4. Glucose transport (GLUT)
  5. Placental lactogen + HCG stimulate mammary glands for post partum lactogenesis
  6. HCG maintains corpus luteum (& progesterone after LH secretions stops)
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8
Q

What is the function of HCG

A

Maintains corpus luteum during 1st trimester promoting progesterone secretion

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9
Q

What is the function of progesterone at placenta level

A

Prevent uterine contraction & onset of labour

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10
Q

What is the function of estrogen at placental level

A

Stimulate uterine growth & development of mammary glands

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11
Q

What is the function of cortisol at placental level

A

Lung maturation (produced by foetal adrenal cortex)

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12
Q

From what does the placenta take over for hormone production

A

Corpus luteum

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13
Q

How does the placenta produce hormones

A

Placenta can not synthesise oestrogen & progesterone
Placenta produces progesterone to DHEA + cortisol by foetal adrenal cortex & placenta to oestrogen

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14
Q

What produces human placental lactogen

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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15
Q

What produces human growth hormone variant

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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16
Q

What is the 4 functions of human placenta lactogen

A
  1. Reduces maternal insulin sensitivity leading to increase maternal blood glucose levels (converts mother from being principle carbohydrate user to fatty acid & sparing glucose for foetus)
  2. Stimulate production of foetal pulmonary surfactant,
  3. Stimulate production of adrenocorticotrophic hormones
  4. Promote maternal breast development for milk production
17
Q

What is the affect of human growth hormone variant

A

Affect growth of placenta because it stimulate maternal gluconeogenesis & lipolysis optimising nutrient availability to foetus

18
Q

When does formation on foeto-placental circulation start

A

Day 9

19
Q

Explain the development of foeto-placental circulation

A

Day 9 (lacunar stage) vacuoles form lacunae in the syncytiotrophoblast & endometrial sinusoids start to grow into decidua basalis
Day 12 sinusoids merge with syncytial lacunae, filling them with blood
Day 14 primary villi
Day 16 secondary villi & later tertiary villi that become vascularised
Day 17 foeto-placental circulation is established

20
Q

How is the fetal & maternal circulation linked

A

Fetal mesoderm cells enter primary villi forming foetal arteries, capillaries & veins within each villi that connects to umbilical cord blood vessels

21
Q

What is the function of fibrinoid deposits

A

Fluke like substance that anchors cytotrophoblast

22
Q

What is the chorionic cavity & what does it contain

A

Space forms around foetus that contains amniotic cavity, yolk sac & embryo

23
Q

What is the chorion leave

A

Chorionic cavity wall where syncytiotrophoblast villi regressed

24
Q

What is outside the chorion leave

A

A thin layer of decidua (decidua capsularis)

25
Q

What is identified during pregnancy with ultrasound

A

Chorionic cavity

26
Q

What occurs during the 4th/5th months of development at the chorion cavity

A

Decidual septa (walls) form which divide placenta into 15-20 different regions called cotyledons each contains 100 spiral arteries providing steady supply of oxygenated blood

27
Q

What is the size of the placenta at full term

A

20cm

Case 13: FASD (9 decks)

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