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part I > physiology- female > Flashcards

physiology- female Flashcards

1
Q

in ABSENCE of which gene does gonad develop into ovary?

A

SRY

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2
Q

what are the 2 main stages of follicle growth?

what determines difference between them

folliculogenesis = growth + development of follicles from earliest “resting”

A

preantral
antral (Graafian)

whether or not they have antrum = fluid-filled space in follicle
antrum = fluid filled space in the follicle

factors controlling initiation of growth and preantral early stages largely unknown

early growth INDEPENDENT of FSH

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3
Q

how long does follicle growth take?

A

3 cycles (90 days)

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4
Q

ovarian follicle structure:

A
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5
Q

which part of follicle has FSH receptors?

A

granulosa cell

remember follicle is dependent on FSH for growth once it develops an antrum

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6
Q

which part of follicle has LH receptors?

A

theca cell

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7
Q

ovarian steroid production:

  1. what is produced in theca cell from what?
  2. what are the enzymes involved?
  3. which hormone is this dependent on?
A

cholesterol –> progesterone –> testosterone

17-alpha-hydroxylase

17,20-lyase

  1. LH

(only theca cells express CYP i.e. enzymes listed above)

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8
Q

ovarian steroid production:

  1. what is produced in the granulosa cell from what?
  2. what is the enzyme involved?
  3. which hormone is this dependent on?
A
  1. testosterone –> oestradiol
  2. aromatase
  3. FSH
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9
Q

which layers is cholesterol taken into?

A

granulosa & theca

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10
Q

what produces testosterone in ovarian steroidogenesis?

A

theca only

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11
Q

what produces oestradiol in ovarian steroidogenesis?

A

granulosa only

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12
Q

what is 2 cell-2 gonadotrophin theory?

A

both theca and granulosa cells are required to produce all steroids.

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13
Q

changes in principle hormones during menstrual cycle + accompanying changes in the follicle:

A
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14
Q

where is GnRH released from?

in what manner i.e. continuous or not?

A

hypothalamus

pulsatile from puberty onwards
(continuous pre-puberty

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15
Q

where are FSH and LH released from?

A

anterior pituitary

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16
Q

menstrual cycle:
1. average duration
2. what are the 2 phases?
3. which day is ovulation?
4. which phase is always 14 days long?

A
  1. 28 days
  2. follicular, luteal
  3. 14
  4. luteal
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17
Q

what is the main hormone produced in follicular phase?

A

oestrodiol

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18
Q

what happens in the luteal phase?

which hormone is produced?

A

formation of corpus luteum from empty follicle

produces progesterone

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19
Q

hypothalamic/ pituitary/ ovarian axis:

luteal/ early follicular phase

what happens?

A

intercycle rise in FSH (progsterone selectively raises FSH as it declines) - results in selection of dominant follicle

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20
Q

hypothalamic/ pituitary/ ovarian axis:

mid-luteal phase

A

high progesterone (from corpus luteum) leads to -ve feedback

low LH/FSH (as progesterone becomes >oestradiol)

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21
Q

hypothalamic/ pituitary/ ovarian axis:

mid-follicular phase

A

granulosa cells in dominant follicle increase in size
- secrete more oestradiol and more inhibin

oestrogen increases
-ve feedback
decrease in FSH

22
Q

hypothalamic/ pituitary/ ovarian axis:

mid-cyclical
(just before ovulation)

A

oestradiol >300 for >2days

results in +ve feedback

LH surge

23
Q

what is effect of luteal surge on oocyte? (2)

A
  1. ovulation
  2. oocyte completes 1st meiotic division
    - to remain at max size 2nd set of chromosomes is packaged into 1st polar body
24
Q

through which process do majority of primordial follicles die?

A

artresia

99.9999% die

25
Q

what happens as a result of LH surge?

A
  1. blood flow to follicle increases (&so increase in vascular permeability)
  2. apex/ stigma appears on ovary wall from which egg can be released
  3. ovulation (release of egg)
  4. E2 production falls and progesterone is stimulated

these changes in follicle cells = luteinisation

26
Q

how long after LH surge does ovulation occur?

what happens in ovulation? (3)

A

18 hours

  1. oocyte with cumulus cells is extruded from the ovary under pressure
  2. follicular fluid may pour into the Pouch of Douglas
  3. egg ‘collected’ by fimbria of uterine tube
  4. egg progresses down tube by peristalsis and action of cilia
27
Q

which state of meiosis is oocyte in until ovulation?

A

meoisis 1

28
Q

what causes oocyte to become secondary oocyte?

A

LH surge

29
Q

2nd meiotic division
- when does it begin
- until when is it arrested?

A
  • ovulation
  • fertilisation
30
Q

what happens to the follicle after ovulation?

A

it collapses and corpus luteum forms “yellow body”

31
Q

what does corpus luteum produce?

what kind of receptors does corpus luteum have?

A

progesterone (but E2 production also increases)

LH receptors (CL is supported by LH in luteal phase even though levels are low then)

32
Q

how does oocyte pass through fallopian tube?

where in tube does fertilisation normally occur?

A

peristalsis & action of cilia

ampulla

33
Q

what happens in fallopian tube in response to cyclical hormone changes?

A

ciliated cells produce cilia in response to oetradiol
ampulla

once oocyte has passed into uterus progesterone levels increase, cilia retract and glandular cells shorten

34
Q

what prevents the demise of the corpus luteum if fertilisation occurs?

what is this secreted by?

A

hCG

the blastocyst

35
Q

hCG is similar in structure to which 2 hormones?

which receptor does hCG act on?

A

LH & FSH

LH receptor

36
Q

fertilisation:

what happens to oocyte when sperm penetrates (3)

A
  1. completes 2nd meitoic division (2nd set of chromosomes is packaged into 2nd polar body)
  2. cortical granules move from cytoplasm to outer edge of oocyte resulting in hardening of membrane - prevents entry of further sperm
  3. then mitotic division to produce blastocyst
37
Q

secretions of corpus luteum:
1. progesterone
2. oestradiol

what is the role of each in cycle?

A

progesterone:
- support oocyte in its journey
- prepares endometrium
- controls cells in the uterine tubes
- alters secrestions of cervix

oestradiol:
- maintains endometrium

38
Q

what is the lifespan of corpus luteum if fertilisation does not occur?

A

14 days

removal of CL is essential to initiate new cycle

39
Q

what are the 2 phases of the endometrium?

which stages of ovarian cycle do these equate to?

A

proliferative (follicular phase)

secretory phase (luteal phase)

40
Q

which hormone stimulates proliferative phase of endometrium?

what happens?

which receptors become induced?

A

oestradiol

maximal cell division, gland expansion, increased vascularity

induction of progesterone receptors

41
Q

what happens to the endometrium as a result of raised progesterone levels during the secretory phase?

A
  • spiral arteries grow longer
  • increase mucous secretion from uterine glands
42
Q

what happens as a result of increased oestrogen levels during the proliferative phase of the endometrium?

A
  • endometrial thickening
  • growth of endometrial glands
  • emergence of spiral arterioles
  • cervical mucous increases (thinner and more hospitable to sperm)
43
Q

secretory phase of endometrium

  1. when does this happen?
  2. what’s the main hormone invloved?
  3. what happens
A
  1. 2-3 days after ovulation
  2. progesterone
    • reduction in cell divion
    • secretion of glycoproteins
    • glands increase in tortuoisity and distend
    • oedema, increased vascular permeability
    • arterioles contract and grow
44
Q

changes in cells lining uterine tubes

what kind of cells are uterine tubes lined with?

A

epithelial cells (ciliated and secretory)

increase in height in response to oestradiol mid-cycle

progesterone overcomes E2 effects = decrease in height premenstrual and menstrual

therefore oocytes can only pass during mid-cyle

45
Q

how is egg moved along tube? (2)

A
  • beating of cilia (stimulated to grow by oestrogen)
  • rapid contractions of muscular layer caused by oestrogen

high number of oestrogen receptors present in follicular phase

oestrogen receptors suppressed by progesterone

all of above stops in luteal phase (so even if egg were released it would be unable to pass)

46
Q

effect of oestrogen in cervix during follicular phase:

A
  • change in vascularity of cervix and oedema
  • mid-cycle oestrogen levels cause change in mucuous, now watery
  • glycoproteins become alligned and form microscopic channels
  • sperm swim up channels
47
Q

effect of progesterone in cervix during luteal phase:

A
  • reduced secretion and thicker mucous
  • glycoproteins now form mesh - acts as barrier (one mechanism of COCP and POP)
48
Q

what’s the lining of the vagina made of?

what happens to these layers?

A

stratified, non-keratinised, squamous epithelium

layers shed constantly and flow downwards

49
Q

where do vaginal secretions come from?

what is their pH?

what is their purpose?

A

secretions are from cervix and transudation from vaginal epithelium

secretions change with cycle and are acidic providing antimicrobial protection

50
Q

systemic effects of oestrogen (3)

A
  1. vascular tone (reason for hot flushes during menpasue)
  2. attaining and maintaining bone density
  3. changes in clotting factors
51
Q

systemic effects of progesterone (3)

A
  1. increased aldosterone production
  2. catabolic (increases appetite)
  3. relaxes smooth muscle (uterus)

part I (12 decks)

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