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Physiology > Physiology Exam 4 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Physiology Exam 4 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

the utilization of O2 in the metabolism of organic molecules

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2
Q

Pulmonary respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between an organism and the external environment

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3
Q

What are the phases of the respiratory cycle?

A

inspiration and expiration

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4
Q

Inspiration

A

inhalation - movement of air from the external environment through the airways into the alveoli

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5
Q

Expiration

A

exhalation - movement of air from the alveoli through the airways into the external environment

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6
Q

What system is the respiratory system intimately associated with?

A

the circulatory system

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7
Q

What are the steps of respiration?

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveolar air and the blood
  3. transport of O2 and CO2 through pulmonary and systemic circulation
  4. exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood in capillaries and cells in tissues
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8
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A
  • nostrils thorough end of terminal bronchioles
  • passages only for airflow to the functional unit
  • no gas exchange
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9
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles through the alveoli
  • area of gas exchange
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10
Q

What percentage of gas exchange occurs in the alveolar ducts?

A

10%

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11
Q

What percentage of gas exchange occurs in the alveoli?

A

80-90%

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12
Q

What happens structurally as moving toward the alveoli?

A

branching increases

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13
Q

What do epithelial surfaces of airways contain?

A
  • goblet cells (glands that secrete mucus)
  • epithelial cells with cilia
  • macrophages
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14
Q

Mucociliary elevator

A

dust and particulate matter sticks to the mucus and is slowly moves to the pharynx by the cilia and then swallowed

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15
Q

Why is the mucocillary elevator important?

A

it keeps the lungs clear of particulates and bacteria

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16
Q

What do noxious agents (tobacco smoke) or sticky/dense mucus do to cilia and what results?

A
  • they attach to and immobilize cilia
  • particles move back down into the alveoli if cilia become stiff and immobilized
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17
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A
  • rare genetic disorder that affects the lungs (but also pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine)
  • autosomal recessive disease
  • caused by mutations in both copies of the gene for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein
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18
Q

What does each alveolar sac contain?

A

its own capillary bed

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19
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

tiny, hollow sacs whose ends are continuous with the lumina of the airways

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20
Q

What is the mean number of alveoli?

A

480 million ranging from 274-790 million

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21
Q

How much area is available in the alveoli for gas exchange?

A

over 70 m2

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22
Q

What are the three cell types in an alveolus?

A
  • squamous alveolar cells (Type I)
  • great alveolar cells (Type II)
  • alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
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23
Q

Squamous alveolar cells

A
  • Type I
  • 95% of cells
  • a continuous layer, one cell thick, flat epithelial cells
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24
Q

Great alveolar cells

A
  • Type II
  • 5% of cells
  • produce a detergent-like substance: surfactant (keeps alveolus open - prevents collapse)
25
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A
  • dust cells
  • rid alveoli of contaminants
26
Q

What two levels of the brain is breathing controlled at?

A
  1. cerebral and conscious (fail safe where the brain can tell the lungs to breathe)
  2. unconscious and automatic
27
Q

What are the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata?

A

ventral respiratory group and dorsal respiratory group

28
Q

What is the respiratory center in the pons?

A

pontine respiratory group

29
Q

Ventral respiratory group

A

primary generator of the respiratory rhythm (12 b/min)

30
Q

Dorsal respiratory group

A

modifies rate and depth of breathing (external sources stimuli)

31
Q

Pontine respiratory group

A

adapts breathing (sleep, exercise, vocalization, emotional responses)

32
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A
  • brainstem neurons that respond to changes in pH of cerebrospinal fluid
  • ensures stable CO2 level in blood
33
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  • carotid and aortic bodies
  • respond to O2 and CO2 content and the pH of the blood
34
Q

Stretch receptors

A
  • in smooth muscles of bronchi, bronchioles, and visceral pleura
  • respond to inflation of the lungs
  • protective reflex that inhibits inspiratory neurons and stops inspiration (protect lungs from overinflation)
35
Q

Irritant receptors

A
  • nerve endings by epithelial cells of airway
  • respond to smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and excessive mucus
  • trigger reflexes: bronchoconstriction, shallower breathing, apnea, and coughing
36
Q

What is the composition of atmospheric air?

A

Nitrogen - 78.6%
Oxygen - 20.9%
Carbon Dioxide - 0.04%
Water vapor - 0-4% depending on humidity
Argon - minor gas

37
Q

Dalton’s law

A

total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gases

38
Q

Partial pressure

A

the separate contribution of each gas in a mixture

39
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

760 mmHg

40
Q

What is respiratory airflow governed by?

A

the same principles of flow, pressure, and resistance as blood flow

41
Q

Flow

A

directly proportional to the pressure difference between two points; inversely proportional to the resistance

42
Q

What drives respiration?

A

atmospheric pressure

43
Q

Boyle’s law

A

in a closed system at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

44
Q

What happens when lung volume increases?

A

the internal pressure of gases falls (more negative) and if the pressure falls below atmospheric pressure, air moves into the lungs

45
Q

What happens when lung volume decreases?

A

intrapulmonary pressure rises (more positive) and if the pressure rises above atmospheric pressure, air moves out of the lungs

46
Q

Charles’s law

A
  • volume of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature
  • if we raise the temperature of a cubic foot of air, the air will want to occupy a larger volume (why a person with a fever exhibits shallow breathing - the air occupies more space)
47
Q

Ventilation

A

the exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli

48
Q

Transmural pressures

A
  • “across a wall”
  • represented by the pressure in the inside of the structure minus the pressure outside the structure
  • transpulmonary pressure is the pressure across the wall of the lung (Palv-Pip)
49
Q

How do alveolar and atmospheric pressure compare for inhalation?

A

Patm is greater than Palv

50
Q

How do alveolar and atmospheric pressure compare for exhalation?

A

Patm is less than Palv

51
Q

Rest period

A

very brief pause in between inspiration and expiration

52
Q

Interpleural pressure

A

the slightly negative pressure that exists between the two pleural layers

53
Q

Forced breathing

A
  • accessory muscles raise intrapulmonary pressure as high as +30 mmHg
  • forced expiration is driven primarily by the abdominal muscles
54
Q

What are the main respiratory muscles?

A
  • diaphragm
  • internal intercostal muscles
  • external intercostal muscles
55
Q

Lung compliance

A

the magnitude of the change in lung volume produced by a given change in the transpulmonary pressure

56
Q

What determines lung compliance

A
  • the stretchability of lung tissues - elastin
  • the surface tension at the air-water interfaces within the alveoli
57
Q

Hyaline membrane disease

A
  • most common cause of respiratory distress in pre-term infants
  • occurs due to immaturity of lungs - underdeveloped Type II alveolar cells so surfactant deficiency
58
Q

What does Hyaline membrane disease cause?

A

lungs have a decreased ability for gas exchange causing:

  • cyanosis - blue babies
  • tachypnea - increases respirations
  • chest retraction - forced inspiration and expiration

Physiology (6 decks)

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