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Physiology > Physiology Exam 4 - Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Physiology Exam 4 - Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the heart rhythm and contraction controlled by?

A

cardiac centers in the medulla oblongata

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2
Q

What does the cardioacceleratory center do?

A

sends sympathetic innervation via the cardiac nerves and increases heart rate and contraction strength

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3
Q

What does the cardioinhibitory center do?

A

sends parasympathetic innervation via the vagus nerves and slows the heart rate

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4
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in 1 min (L/min)

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5
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = heart rate x stroke volume

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6
Q

What is the normal cardiac output at rest?

A

4 to 6 L/min

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7
Q

How does vigorous exercise change cardiac output?

A

it increases to 21 L/min all the way up to more than 40 L/min

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8
Q

Stroke volume

A

the volume of blood each ventricle ejects during contraction

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9
Q

What variables govern stroke volume?

A
  • preload
  • contractility
  • afterload
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10
Q

What is the equation for stroke volume?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

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11
Q

What happens when a person experiences hemorrhage (blood loss) and the SV declines to maintain CO?

A

The heart rate increases

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12
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

the difference between a person’s maximum and resting CO (increases with fitness and decreases with disease)

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13
Q

Positive chronotropic agents

A

factors that raise the heart rate (see list in slides)

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14
Q

Negative chronotropic agents

A

factors that lower the heart rate (see list in slides)

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15
Q

Positive ionotropic agents

A

increase the force of muscle contraction of the heart (see list in slides)

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16
Q

Negative ionotropic agents

A

weaken the force of muscle contraction and slow the heart (see list in slides)

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17
Q

Pulse

A

surge of pressure produced by heart beat that can be felt by palpating a superficial artery (measured in beats per minute)

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18
Q

What is the normal heart rate of infants?

A

120 bpm or more

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19
Q

What is the normal heart rate of young adult males?

A

65 to 75 bpm

20
Q

What is the normal heart rate of young adult females?

A

70 to 78 bpm (higher than males because of hormones)

21
Q

Tachycardia

A

resting adult heart rate above 100 bpm

22
Q

Why are the two most common causes of tachycardia?

A
  • stress, anxiety, drugs, heart disease, or fever
  • loss of blood or damage to myocardium
23
Q

Bradycardia

A

resting adult heart rate of less than 60 bpm

24
Q

What are causes of bradycardia?

A
  • low body temperature and endurance-trained athletes
  • experienced during sleep (lower metabolic demands)
25
Q

What symptoms can bradycardia cause?

A

fainting, lightheadedness, and headache

26
Q

Preload

A

the amount of tension in ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract

  • increased preload causes increased force of contraction
  • the stroke volume increases as the EDV increases
27
Q

Frank-Starling law

A
  • cardiac hemodynamics as it relates to cardiomyocyte stretch and contractility
  • SV will increase as the left ventricular volume increases due to the myocyte stretch causing a more forceful systolic contraction
28
Q

Contractility

A

how hard the myocardium contracts for a given preload

29
Q

Ejection fraction

A

percentage of blood leaving the heart each time it contracts

30
Q

What is the equation for ejection fraction?

A

EF = SV/EDV (expressed as a percentage)

31
Q

What is the average ejection fraction at rest?

A

50% to 75%

32
Q

Afterload

A

sum of all forces opposing ejection of blood from ventricles; the largest part of afterload is blood pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk (opposes the opening of semilunar valves)

33
Q

What does hypertension do?

A

increases afterload and opposes ventricular ejection

34
Q

What does an increase in arterial pressure do to afterload and stroke volume?

A

increases afterload and decreases stroke volume

35
Q

Echocardiography

A
  • noninvasive technique that uses ultrasonic waves
  • can detect abnormal functioning of cardiac valves or contractions of the cardiac walls
  • can also be used to measure ejection fraction
36
Q

Cardiac angiography

A
  • endovascular procedure where a catheter is inserted through an artery or vein into the heart
  • a liquid containing radiopaque contrast material is then injected through the catheter during high-speed x-ray videograpth
  • it is useful for evaluating cardiac function and for identifying narrowed coronary arteries
37
Q

How does the pressure in the pulmonary and systemic circulation vessels differ?

A

the pressure is higher in the systemic circulation

38
Q

What vessel is the pressure the highest in?

A

arteries

39
Q

What vessel is the pressure the lowest in?

A

veins

40
Q

Arteries

A

elastic tubes with thick walls that contain large quantities of elastic tissue; due to their elasticity, they also act as “pressure reservoirs” for maintaining blood flow through the tissues during diastole

41
Q

Systolic pressure

A

maximum arterial pressure reached during the peak of ventricular contraction and ejection

42
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

minimum arterial pressure reached just prior to ventricular ejection

43
Q

Arterial blood pressure

A

SP/DP (120/80)

44
Q

Pulse pressure

A

the difference between SP and DP

45
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

average pressure driving blood to the tissues over the cardiac cycle

46
Q

What is the formula for mean arterial pressure?

A

MAP = DP + 1/3PP

47
Q

What is the name of the sounds listened for when measuring blood pressure?

A

Korotkoff sounds

Physiology (6 decks)

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