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Physiology Exams #1, #2, and #3 > Physiology Exam #2 > Flashcards

Physiology Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

The pancreas tail end secretes 2 things that are antagonistic (cancel each other out)! What are they?

A

Insulin and glucagon.

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2
Q

What are the 3 P’s of Diabetes? Define the terms.

A

Polyuria (high amt peeing), polydipsia (high amt thirst), and polyphagia (high amt hunger).

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3
Q

SSSTDYGTSIG = Salt Sugar Sex The Deeper You Go The Sweeter It Gets. What does this acronym refer to?

A
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4
Q

No oxygen to the heart is called?

A

Angina.

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5
Q

Anticoagulants are? List 3 examples.

A

Blood thinners that can lower bp. Aspirin, Vit C, Warfarin.

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6
Q

3 blood vessel and blood factors influencing blood pressure? Explain how.

A

Blood vessel diameter, blood vessel length, and blood viscosity.

For example, a larger diameter = lower blood pressure. Smaller diameter = higher blood pressure. Longer vessels may need more bp. Thinker blood may be higher bp.

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7
Q

Varicose veins are coming from?

A

Stretching of veins and weakening of valves.

Heart valves get weaker with aging (as well as collagen, and tendons) blood backlogs and there are pressure changes.

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8
Q

What is stronger (vessel wall): artery or vein? Why?

A

The tunica media is thicker in arteries so smooth muscle is stronger than a vein.

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9
Q

What is circulatory shock?

A

Inadequate blood flow to meet metabolic needs of tissues (from blood or fluid loss, excessive vasodilation - widening of vessels, heart failure).

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10
Q

Chart: percent components of blood?

A

Plasma 55%, white blood cells <1%, red blood cells 45%.

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11
Q

5 kinds of WBCs - white blood cells are?

A

NLMEB. Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils (high = bad b/c usually high in blood cancers and parasites).

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12
Q

Hypotension: low BP number is?

A

Systolic is less than 100mmHG.

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13
Q

Orthostatic hypotension is?

A

A sudden drop in BP because blood wells in lower extremities, blood flow to brain slows so lightheaded/dizzy, might pass out feeling.

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14
Q

Hypertension: high BP number is?

A

Systolic is over 150mmHG and Diastolic is over 90 mmHG.

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15
Q

Normal BP numbers?

A

About 120/80 but Systolic: 110-140 and Diastolic: 75-80 mmHG.

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16
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic/energizing and parasympathetic/relaxation) increase and decrease the heart pumps?

A

Parasympathetic decreases the heart via the vagus nerve and sympathetic increases the heart by epinephrine (adrenal medulla) and norepinephrine (sympathetic nerve fibers).

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17
Q

Blood pressure is measured in?
Blood pressure measuring cuffs are named?
Blood pressure is a measurement of?

A

mmHg (millimeters of mercury).

Sphygmomanometer.

Measurement of the force exerted on vessel walls.

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18
Q

Describe the cardiac electrical activity diagram and label PQRST (1 cardiac cycle):

A

‘Elastic band’ diagram is of atria and ventricles cardiac electrical activity.
The elastic band pulls q way down but R is lower, not higher as it regularly.
PQRST waves
TEST!!! *T wave upsidedown = had a heart attack.
T wave must be up in a healthy heart.

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19
Q

Describe the ‘lub’ and ‘dub’ sound in the cardiac cycle.

A

What is the lub dup sound showing? Lub = AV valve closes (first sound). Dub = semilunar valves close (second sound).

20
Q

What blood types are the universal donor and universal recipient?

A

O = universal donor, *AB = universal recipient.

21
Q

POLYCYTHEMIA IS?

A

Too many blood cells.

22
Q

ERYTHROPOIETIN is?

A

A hormone produced by kidneys that can stimulate the bone marrow to produce RBC.

23
Q

Describe albumin.

A

Albumin is a protein made by your liver. Albumin enters your bloodstream and helps keep fluid from leaking out of your blood vessels into other tissues. It also carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes throughout your body.

24
Q

Blood cells that are already dead? Red.
How long do RBC Live? 120 days.

A

Red blood cells that are already dead?
RBC Live? 120 days. Spleen then consumes/recycles them.

25
Q

*Layers of the GI tract, muscle layer, and there can be muscular spasms there.

A
26
Q

Glands in the stomach lining?

A

Endocrine glands and exocrine glands in the stomach lining.

27
Q

Name the biggest gland in the body?

A

Liver.

28
Q

Define glycogenolysis.

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

29
Q

Define glyconeogensis.

A

Synthesis of ‘new’ glucose from amino acids, lipids, and lactic acid. Neo means new.

30
Q

Describe ketoacidosis?

A

After diabetes mellitus (the body can’t break down sugar due to insulin absence and starts to break down fat instead), ketoacidosis finally results because FAT METABOLISM YIELDS KETONE BODIES INCLUDING ACETONE THAT CAN BE SMELLED = cardiovascular and neurological issues.

31
Q

Function of pancreatic alpha cells?

A

Secrete glucagon which helps to increase blood sugar.

32
Q

Function of pancreatic beta cells (hint: malfunctioning in diabetics)?

A

Secrete insulin.

33
Q

Life span of platelets a.k.a. thrombocytes?

A

5-9 days!

34
Q

3 WBC that contain specs in the cytoplasm (are granular)?

A

BEN: Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils.

35
Q

2 WBC with no specs in the cytoplasm.

A

LM: lymphocytes and monocytes.

36
Q

Ileocecal valve is where?

A

Where small intestine and large intestine come together.

*Function: to allow digested food material to pass from SI to LI.

37
Q

Pineal glands secretes?

A

Melatonin.

38
Q

Kidneys secrete?

A

Erythropoietin and renin.

39
Q

Testes, ovaries, and placenta secrete?

A

Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and hCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin).

40
Q

Pancreas (pancreatic tail) secretes?

A

Insulin and glucagon.

41
Q

Adrenals secrete?

A

Cortisol, and 3 categories of corticosteroids “salt, sugar, sex” called mineralocorticosteroid, glucocorticoid, and androgens.

42
Q

Parathyroid secretions?

A

Parathyroid hormone!

43
Q

Thyroid chemicals secreted (hormones)?

A

Thyroxine and calcitonin.

44
Q

Posterior pituitary?

A

Neurohyphysis.

45
Q

Anterior pituitary secretes?

A

GH, P, TSH, ACSH, LH, FSH.

46
Q

3 categories of hormones?

A

APS. Amines, polypeptides, and steroids.

Physiology Exams #1, #2, and #3 (3 decks)

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