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Physiology > Physiology CVS > Flashcards

Physiology CVS Flashcards

PASS CVS PHYSIOLOGY EXAM!

1
Q

resistance vessels

A

Arterioles

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2
Q

capacitance vessels

A

Veins Venules

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3
Q

slow response action potential occurs in the __

A

AV node, SA node

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4
Q

the cardiac action potential that occurs in the specialized conducting fibers (Purkinje)

A

Fast response

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5
Q

specialized tissue that conducts the cardiac impulse from atria to ventricles

A

AV node

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6
Q

important determinants of propagation velocity along myocardial fibers

A

AP amplitude and steepness of the upstroke

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7
Q

ECG - atrial depolarization (Phase 0)

A

P wave

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8
Q

ECG - AV conduction

A

PR interval

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9
Q

ECG - Ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

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10
Q

slowest velocity

greatest cross-sectional area

A

Capillaries

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11
Q

cardiac output X total peripheral resistance

A

Blood pressure

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12
Q

Stroke volume X Heart Rate

A

Cardiac output

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13
Q

in baroreceptor reflex

increase in BP –> ___

A

decrease HR

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14
Q

in endothelium-mediated regulation

nitric oxide would ___ (dilate/constrict)

A

dilate

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15
Q

volume of blood ejected with each heart beat, directly realted to myocardial performance

A

Stroke Volume

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16
Q

Regulated by activity of cardiac pacemaker

A

Heart rate

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17
Q

Site: atria between RA and vena cava

Between LA and PV

A

Bainbridge Reflex

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18
Q

Stimuli of arterial baroreceptors

A

Stretch ( high BP)

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19
Q

Volume of blood being pumped by heart per unit time

A

Cardiac output

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20
Q

Volume of blood returning to heart per unit time

A

Venous return

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21
Q

Blood loss –> decrease cardiac output –> ______

A

Decreased blood pressure

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22
Q

Effect of high intracellular Na+ on contractile force of the cardiac muscle

A

Increased Ca++,

Increased contractile force

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23
Q

Force that stretches relaxed muscle fibers

A

Preload

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24
Q

Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per heartbeat

A

Stroke volume

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25
Q

Sound produced by closure of AV valves

A

S1

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26
Q

Location of Aortic valve

A

2nd ICS of the R sternal border

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27
Q

Valve located between the R atrium & R ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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28
Q

Venous pulse wave produced by closure of tricuspid valves

A

C wave

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29
Q

Phase of ventricular systole when semilunar valves open

A

Isovolumic contraction

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30
Q

Phase of cardiac cycle that coincides with peak of R wave

A

Isovolumic contraction

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31
Q

Phase of cardiac cycle characterized by low atrial & ventricular pressures and high ventricular volume

A

Rapid Filling Phase

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32
Q

Mediates transport of Na+ inside cardiac muscle fiber

A

3 Na+ 1Ca++ transporter

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33
Q

Force against which contractile muscle must act

A

Afterload

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34
Q

Ratio of stroke volume to left ventricular end diastolic volume

A

Ejection fraction

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35
Q

Sound produced by oscillation of blood due to atrial contraction

A

S4

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36
Q

Location of tricuspid valve

A

5th ICS of Left Sternal border

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37
Q

Valve located between Right ventricle & pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary valve

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38
Q

ECG wave produced by ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

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39
Q

Period between closure of semilunar valve and opening of atrio-ventricular valve

A

Isovolumic Relaxation

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40
Q

Phase of cardiac cycle characterized by slow ventricular filling

A

Diastasis

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41
Q

Venous pulse wave caused by atrial contraction

A

A wave

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42
Q

SA node has this type of action potential

A

(SRAP)

Slow Response Action Potential

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43
Q

Rapid depolarization in cardiac muscle is depicted as phase

A

Phase 0

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44
Q

Amplitude of action potential is greater in this type of action potential

A

(FRAP)

Fast Response Action Potential

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45
Q

Early repolarization in cardiac muscle is due to

A

K+ efflux

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46
Q

This is the important determinant of duration of plateau of action potential

A

K+ efflux

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47
Q

Two factors that determine the velocity of conduction of action potential

A

Amplitude

Rate of depolarization

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48
Q

Three ionic contents that mediate slow diastolic depolarization of phase 4

A

Na+ influx
K+ efflux
Ca++ influx

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49
Q

Purkinje fibers have this type of action potential

A

(FRAP)

Fast Response Action Potential

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50
Q

Phase 2 of action potential is due to

A

Ca++ influx

51
Q

This phase of action potential is absent in SRAP

A

Phase 1

52
Q

Predominant type of Ca++ channel present in the heart

A

L-type

53
Q

Depolarization in slow response action potential is achieved mainly by

A

Ca++ influx (L channels)

54
Q

Three factors that determine the frequency of pacemaker activity

A

Maximal negativity of Phase 4
Rate of depolarization
Threshold potential

55
Q

Transmembrane potential during phase 4 is less negative in slow response action potential because of

A

Inward rectifier K+ channel???

56
Q

Relative refractory period extends beyond phase 3 in slow response action potential. This is known as

A

Post repolarization refractoriness

57
Q

Two physiologic factors that affect cardiac output

A 
Stroke volume (SV)
Heart Rate (HR)

CO = SV x HR

58
Q

Effect of increased stroke volume on arterial pulse pressure

A

Increased PP

59
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in thoracic venae cavae & Right atrium

A

Central Venous Pressure

60
Q

Resistance vessels of circulatory system

A

Arterioles

61
Q

Key factor that keeps fluid within capillaries

A

Plasma colloid oncotic pressure

62
Q

Three conditions that can cause turbulent blood flow

A

inc Diameter
inc Density
Inc velocity
dec Viscosity

63
Q

Structure that allows flow of venous blood towards the heart

A

Venous valve

64
Q

Two physiologic factors that affect blood pressure

A 
Cardiac Output (CO)
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
BP = CO x TPR
65
Q

Effect of increased arterial compliance on arterial pulse pressure

A

Decreased pulse pressure

66
Q

Capacitance vessels of the circulatory system

A

Veins & venules

67
Q

Intrinsic contractile behavior of vascular smooth muscles is known as

A

Vasomotion

68
Q

Major determinant of resistance to blood flow

A

Decreased vessel Diameter

69
Q

Three conditions that increase lymph flow

A

Muscle contraction
Increased Capillary pressure
Decreased Plasma oncotic pressure

70
Q

Effect of contraction of vascular smooth muscle on vessel diameter

A

Decreased diameter

71
Q

The principal controller of heart rate

A

Autonomic nervous system

72
Q

Blood vessels important for maintenance of blood pressure are the

A

Arterioles

73
Q

Two mechanisms in the intrinsic regulation of myocardial performance

A

Frank – Starling Mechanism

Rate-induced regulation

74
Q

Effect of vagal stimulation on heart rate

A

Decreased heart rate

75
Q

Hormone that potentiates the cardiotonic effect of catecholamines

A

Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine

76
Q

An increased in heart rate when blood pressure is decreased

A

Baroreceptor reflex

77
Q

Change in heart rate associated with respiration

A

Sinus arrhythmia

78
Q

Contraction of vascular muscle in response to increased transmural pressure

A

Autoregulator

79
Q

Effect of decreased O2 delivery to tissues on arterioles

A

Vasodilation

80
Q

location of mitral valve

A

5th ICS Left MCL (cardiac apex)

81
Q

location of Pulmonic valve

A

2nd ICS Left sternal border

82
Q

oscillation of blood and cardiac chambers due to atrial contraction

A

4th heart sound

83
Q

oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls and ventricles initiated by rushing blood from atria

A

3rd heart sound

84
Q

signifies rise in pressure due to ATRIAL CONTRACTION

A

A wave

85
Q

due to CLOSURE OF TRICUSPID VALVE in early ventricular systole

A

C wave

86
Q

rise in pressure associated with ATRIAL FILLING

A

V wave

87
Q

greater atrial filling –> _____ V waves (increase/decrease)

A

increase

88
Q

flow that requires greater pressure

responsible for Korotkoff sounds and cardiac murmers

A

turbulent flow

89
Q

organs with parallel circuits

A

brain, kidney, GI, skin, coronary circulation

90
Q

decreased arterial compliance –> ___ LV workload

A

greater

91
Q

decreased arterial compliance –> ___ pulse pressure

A

increased

92
Q

increased peripheral resistance –> ___ BP

A

increased

93
Q

prevent blood in vein from falling toward toward feet –> permit flow toward heart

A

Venous valves

94
Q

forces fluid to go out of capillaries

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

95
Q

closure of arterioles/ arteriolar resistance –> ____ capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

DECREASE capillary hydrostatic pressure

96
Q

increase arterial and venous pressure –> ____ capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

INCREASE capillary hydrostatic pressure

97
Q

increase coronary blood flow

+ chronotropy, + inotropy –> ____ blood flow

A

DECREASE blood flow

98
Q

increase HR –> less time for diastole –> ___ blood flow

A

DECREASE blood flow

99
Q

increase metabolic activity –> ____ diameter –> ____ blood flow

A

INCREASE diameter , INCREASE blood flow

100
Q

develops due to slow and gradual occlusion of coronary artery

A

collateral circulation

101
Q

occlusion of blood flow to a tissue/organ then increase in blood flow

A

reactive hyperemia

102
Q

decrease oxygen in the heart –> stimulates ____

A

vasodilator metabolite

103
Q

in cerebral circulation

increase PaC02 –> dilate –> ___ blood flow

A

INCREASE blood flow

104
Q

in cerebral circulation

decrease PaC02 –> ___ (constrict/dilate) –> ___ blood flow

A

CONSTRICT, DECREASE blood flow

105
Q

cerebral circulation:

increase Adenosine —> ___ (constrict/dilate)

A

dilate

106
Q

cerebral circulation:

increase K+ —> ___ (constrict/dilate)

A

dilate

107
Q

cerebral circulation

BP less than 60 mmHg —> _____

A

decrease cerebral blood flow

108
Q

cerebral circulation

BP greater than 160 mmHg – leads to __

A

cerebral edema

109
Q

fetal source of oxygen and nutrients

A

placenta

110
Q

fetal hemoglobin

A

greater affinity for oxygen

111
Q

half of blood flow from placenta passes through the liver, the remainder bypasses liver and reaches IVC through ____

A

ductus venosus

112
Q

fetal circulation:

blood from umbilical vein is shunted from IVC to LA through ____

A

foramen ovale

113
Q

fetal circulation

blood passes from pulmonary artery through ____ to aorta

A

ductus arteriosus

114
Q

in fetal circulation, why does blood flow from pulmonary artery to aorta?

A

pulmonary vascular resistance is HIGH

diameter of ductus arteriosus is as large as descending aorta

115
Q

occlusion of blood flow in umbilical vessels leads to

A

closure of ductus venosus

116
Q

at birth, reversal of pressure gradient across atria leads to

A

closure of valve foramen ovale

117
Q

closure of this structure is inititated by increase P02 of arterial blood passing through it

A

Ductus arteriosus

118
Q

Normal axis

A

-30 to +110 degress

118
Q

greater amplitude of action potential leads to

A

faster conduction

119
Q

Right axis deviation

A

+110 to -180 degrees

120
Q

Left axis deviation

A

-39to -90 degrees

121
Q

Small increase in atrial and ventricular pressure and ventricular volume
Occurs soon after P wave

A

Atrial systole

122
Q

Indicated by gradual rise in atrial and ventricular pressures and ventricular volume

A

Slow filling

123
Q

Dec intravascular pressure –>

A

Dec diameter – inc resistance

Physiology (2 decks)

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