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BMS 109 > Physiology and Pharmacology > Flashcards

Physiology and Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between internal and External respiration?

A

Internal is within the cell e.g. glycolysis, Krebs, whereas External is ventilation and exchange of gases around the body.

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2
Q

What are the 4 stages of exchange of gases around the circulatory system?

A

External Convection, Pulmonary Diffusion, Internal Convection, Tissue diffusion

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3
Q

What are the two lung groups? What are they and the components?

A

Conducting Zone: No gas exchange just getting air to the respiratory zone. Trachea, Bronchi, broncholes (generation 11-16)
Respiratory Zone: Alveoli, Alveoli ducts (20-22), Alveoli sacs (gen 23)

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4
Q

What is the function of the Conducting zone?

A
  • Filters air so doent clog airways
  • Warms the air to body temperature- solubility depends on temp
  • Humidity-maintains alveoli being moist
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5
Q

Bronchii structure?

A
  • Reinforced with catilage to stop airways collapsing
  • Underlayer of smooth muscle allowing diameter to be altered.
  • Elastic Tissue- helps recoil and prevents over expansion of airways.
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6
Q

Features of Respiratory Epithelium?

A
  • Ciliated epithelia
  • Goblet cells- bacteria in mucus trapped
  • sensory nerve endings- detect noxious smoke etc
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7
Q

Bronchioles structure? Diameter?

A
  • Lack of cartilage
  • Less than 1mm diameter
  • Lined by respiratory epithelium
  • Smooth muscle layer- more than bronchi which controls airway diameter.
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8
Q

Two types of cells in epithelia in the air blood barrier?

A

Epithelial Pneumocytes:

  • Type 1: Very thin for gas exchange
  • Type 2: Produce surfactant
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9
Q

What physiological changes happen for quiet inspiration to happen? (2)

A
  • Active, Involves the primary muscles of inspiration
  • Diaphragm- moves down as contracts, vol increases
  • Intercostal muscles- move chest up and out vol up
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10
Q

What physiological changes happen for forced inspiration to happen? (4)

A

Active. Involves the accessory muscles of inspiration:

  • Scalenes- attatch to ribs to bring up
  • Sternocleidomastoids- bring sternum up
  • Neck and back muscles- lifts and raises
  • Upper respiratory tract muscles- changes in tension reduces resistance to air flow.
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11
Q

What physiological changes happen for quiet expiration to happen? (3)

A

Passive. Elastic recoil used. No primary muscles of expiration Diaphragm relaxes, external intercostal muscles relax, and lungs recoil.

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12
Q

What physiological changes happen for forced expiration to happen? (2)

A

Active. Accessory Muscles:

  • Abdominal muscles- contract, reduces size of abdomen
  • Neck and back muscles contract.
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13
Q

What are the Pleural membranes? Used for?

A

Pleural cavity between which is filled with secretions, preventing the lungs sticking to the chest wall, so can slide over each other
- Subatmospheric pressure

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14
Q

What is Pneumothorax?

A

Collpased lung. Breech of chest wall, air into interpleural space, lose sub-atmospheric pressure.

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15
Q

What does low compliance mean?

A

More work required to inspire as hard to expand. e.g. Pulmonary Fibrosis

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16
Q

What does High compliance mean?

A

More difficulty expiring due to elastic recoil, e.g. emphysema

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17
Q

Equation for compliance?

A

change in volume/ change in pressure

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18
Q

What are the two major components of elastic recoil?

A
  1. Surface tension: of the alveoli at the air fluid interface
  2. Anatomical component: elastic nature of the cells and ECM
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19
Q

What is Laplace equation?

A

Pressure= 2Tension/Radius

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20
Q

What causes serface tension in the alveoli?

A

H20 molecules make 4 bonds- at the surface they have no force attracted to upwards so attracted downwards creating a tension

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21
Q

According to Laplace’s equation, the pressure in the smaller/larger alveoli sacs leading to..
Overcome by…

A

Smaller
collapses
surfactant

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22
Q

Can measure respiratory volumes from a …. but not ….

A

spirometer

residual volume

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23
Q

What is Anatomical dead space?

A

Volume of the conducting airways at rest (30%)

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24
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A

Volume of lungs not participating in gas exchange. Conducting zone + any non functioning areas in respiratory zone.

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25
What is the IRV?
Inspiratory reserve volume: additional air that can be forcefully inhaled after tidal volume. (3.1l)
26
What is TV?
Tidal volume: The amount of air displaced in a quite inspiration and expiration in one breath. (0.5l)
27
What is ERV?
Expiratory Reserve volume: additional air that could be forcefully exhaled above tidal volume. (1.3l)
28
What is RV?
Residual volume: The volume of air in the lungs after a forced expiration that cannot be expired. (1.7l)
29
What is TLC?
Total Lung capacity: VC + RV total volume the lung can hold.
30
What is FRC?
Functional Residual Capacity: Volume of lungs left after a quiet expiration.
31
What is IC?
Inspiratory Capacity: Total volume can inspire forcefully after a normal expiration. (2.6l)
32
What is VC?
Vital capacity: The maximum volume of air that one can exhale after a maximum inspiration. (4l)
33
What is FEV1? If under 80% suggests..
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second. if under 80% of FVC the suggests an obstructive lung disease e.g. pulmonary fibrosis.
34
What is FVC? If lower than normal suggests..
Forced vital capacity: Total volume of air that can be exhaled forcefully. If low suggests a constrictive lung disease e.g. asthma, emphysema.
35
During exercise what happens to IRV and ERV? Why?
They decrease as the tidal volume increases to get more oxgen round the body to the respiring muscles.
36
How can the residual volume be measured?
With a helium air chamber.
37
Volume of air to the lungs equation:
V= Change in pressure/ resistance | change in pressure = Pressure in alveoli- Pressure in atmosphere
38
The resistance is worked out by what law? Which is..
Poiseulle's law R= 8/pi x nl/ r^4 or resitance is inversely proportional to the forth power of radius. And proportional to gas viscocity.
39
Phaynx and Larynx total ....of total resistance. AIrways over 2mm diameter....(why?) Airways under 2mm diameter... (why?)
40% 20%- should be low but counted in series so R1+R2 etc 20% - should be high due to low radius but these are counted in parallel as not one continuous cycle so 1/R + 1/R2 etc
40
Factors that affect airway resistance? (4)
Airway diameter Increased mucus secretion- blocks Oedema- swells diameter down Airway collapse- if pressure less than outside and no cartalidge can collapse.
41
How does the sympathetic/ Para work to alter the Bronchii diameter?
Parasympathetic: ACh released from the vagus nerve bind to muscarnic receptors leading to constriction of the smooth muscle. Resistance increases. Sympathetic: Release of Noradrenaline leads to dilation so resistance decreases- weak agonist e.g Salbutamol inhaler.
42
Affect of Histamine and Adrenaline on the Bronchial smooth muscle?
Adrenaline: agonist leads to dilation- reistance down. Histamine: inflammatory response- constriction.
43
Which are higher at the base of lungs/ Apex... pressure? Ventilation? Perfusion?
Pressure- highest at the apex Ventilation- highest at the base (alveoli can expand more) perfusion- highest at the base
44
Ventilation/ perfusion ratio in apex vs base? shows efficiency.
Apex: 3.3 high Base: 0.6 low Ventilation= volume of air that reaches the alveoli Perfusion= volume of blood that reaches the alveoli High vol of blood (and air) to base therefore low ratio at base.
45
The amount of gas dissolved in a solution can be measured using Henry's law, which is?
Gas dissolved= Solubility coefficient (mM/mm Hg) x Partial pressure of the gas
46
Haemoglobin has what structure and what Molecular weight?
Tetromeric structure of 4 subunits (each contains one haem and 4 globin chains- 2x Alpha and B in adults) 68KD
47
Haem structure in haemoglobin? What state does it have to be in?
Contains an iron atom and for oxgen to bind needs to be in the FE^2+ state. Methaemoglobin reductase converts any FE^3+ to 2.
48
Haemoglobin exists in which two states?
Tense: low O2 binding affinity Relaxed: high O2 finding affinity
49
Explain the haemoglobin dissosiation curve?
1st- hard to bind 2nd to 4th- easier due to induced conformational change. after 4th- saturated
50
What factors cause a right shift in dissociation curve of haemoglobin? (4)
Right shit= lower affinity - Temp increase - PH decrease - Increased production of CO2 - Increased Production of 2,3 DPG (diphosphoglycerate, causes conformational change loses bound O2)
51
Difference in fetal Haemoglobin?
B globin chains replaced by Y. Left shift on dissociation curve.
52
Total percentage of CO2 carried dissolved in capilaries- in what two forms?
11% - 6% dissolved - 5% as bicarbonate (HCO3- + H+ )
53
What percentage of CO2 is carried in the blood in red blood cells? What three forms?
89% - 4% dissolved. - 64% bicarbonate (HC03-) - 21% carbamino haemoglobin
54
How is CO2 in RBCs converted to Bicarbonate?
H20 enters the cell and the OH- joins the CO2 to make HCO3- +H+ under carbonic anhydrase (64% Co2 carriage)
55
Obstructive Lung diseases vs Restrictive?
Obstructive: reduction in flow through airways FEV1 decrease and concave flow vol loop. Constrictive: Reduction in lung expansion. FVC decreased
56
obstructive lung disease causes? (3)
- Excess secretions - Bronchioconstriction e.g. Asthma - Inflammation
57
Examples of obstructive lung diseases?
- Asthma - COPD - Emphysema - Chronic Bronchitis
58
Asthma is either triggered by one of two types of causes?
- Atopic (extrinsic): allergies | - Non- Atopic (intrinsic): Respiratory infections, cold air, exercise, stress, irritants, drugs.
59
What is the response in asthma?
Inflammatory cells move into the airways and release inflammatory mediators e.g. histamine causing bronchioconstriction.
60
Whats the treatment of asthma?
- Short acting Salbutamol blue inhalers B2 adrenoreceptor agonists causes dilation of airways. - Long term-inhale steroids such as Glucocorticoids long acting B adrenoreceptor agonists.
61
Reasons for Restrictive lung diseases?
- Decreased chest expansion due to chest wall abnormalities, or muscle contraction difficulties - Loss of compliance (fibrosis) due to normal aging, or increase in collagen.
62
What is Asbestosis?
Slow build up of fibrous tissue leading to a loss of complance in the lungs. e.g. from aspesdos particles.
63
The basic rhymthmical process is generated by sensors in the..
Medulla oblongata.
64
What controls the inspiration by sending signals to the inspiratory muscles?
Dorsal Respiratory Group.
65
What controls forced inspiration and expiration?
Ventral Respiratory Group
66
Renin is released from?
Juxtaglomerular apparatus In the kidney

BMS 109 (6 decks)

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