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Higher Human Biology > Physiology And Health > Flashcards

Physiology And Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland release in males

A

ICSH & FSH

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2
Q

Where is testosterone produced ?

A

Interstitial cells

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3
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Activates the prostate gland and seminal vesicles to release their secretions and promotes sperm production

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4
Q

How are high levels of testosterone controlled?

A

High levels of testosterone are detected in the blood stream by the pituitary gland which then inhibits the secretion of ICSH & FSH

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5
Q

How is the mobility and viability of sperm maintained

A

The prostate gland and seminal vesicles produce a sugary substance for energy and enzymes that keep semen at the right viscosity

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6
Q

What does FSH do in women

A

Promotes the development of a follicle

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7
Q

Follicles produce oestrogen, what does this hormone do?

A

Repairs endometrium and thins cervical mucus

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8
Q

What do high levels of oestrogen trigger ?

A

Ovulation

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9
Q

When does the follicle change into the corpus luteum

A

After ovulation

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10
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

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11
Q

Why does the corpus luteum degrade

A

Lack of LH

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12
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Follicular day 1-14
Luteal day 15-28

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13
Q

What do progesterone and oestrogen do during the luteal phase

A

Maintain thickness of endometrium

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14
Q

What happens if an egg is fertilised after ovulation

A

The corpus luteum does not degrade, so high levels of oestrogen and progesterone inhibit the pituitary. Preventing further follicles from developing

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15
Q

Differences in fertility between men and women

A

Men show continuous fertility while women show cyclical fertility

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16
Q

What are the causes of infertility in women

A

Failure to ovulate
Blockage of oviducts

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17
Q

What are the causes of infertility in men

A

Low perm count
Defective sperm

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18
Q

What do ovulation stimulating drugs do

A

Prevent the negative feedback control of oestrogen on FSH/ mimic the action of LH

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19
Q

What is intra- cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

A

This is when the head of the sperm is drawn into a needle and injected directly into the egg

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20
Q

What is in vitro fertilisation (IVF) ?

A

This is when eggs are mixed into a culture dish, fertilised eggs are then incubated and transferred to the uterus for implantation

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21
Q

What is IVF used in conjunction with ?

A

PGD, to identify single gene disorders and chromosomal abnormalities

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22
Q

Examples of physical contraception

A

Condoms, IUD

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23
Q

Examples of chemical contraception

A

Combines pill, mini pill, morning after pill

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24
Q

How does combined pill work

A

It contains Oestrogen and Progesterone, mimicking negative feedback

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25
Q

How does the mini pill work

A

Contains only progesterone and thickens the cervical mucus

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26
Q

How does the morning after pill work

A

Prevents ovulation or implantation

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27
Q

When is a dating scan

A

8-14 weeks

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28
Q

What is determined by a dating scan

A

Due date and pregnancy stage

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29
Q

When is an anomaly scan

A

18-20 weeks

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30
Q

What is detected by anomaly scans

A

Any physical abnormalities

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31
Q

Why are blood and urine tests carried out throughout pregnancy

A

To monitor concentrations of marker chemicals

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32
Q

What is amniocentesis

A

This is when a sample of amniotic fluid is taken from the embryo at 14 - 16 weeks

33
Q

What is chronic villus sampling

A

This is when a sample of foetal cells are taken at 8 weeks

34
Q

What has a higher risk of miscarriage? Amniocentesis or CVS

A

CVS - 2 % risk

amniocentesis- 0.5% risk

35
Q

What are amniocentesis and CVS used for

A

They allow foetal DNA to be assessed for chromosomal abnormalities
Cells can be cultured to produce a karyotype

36
Q

What is incomplete dominance

A

Neither allele is dominant over the other meaning both are partly expressed

37
Q

Why do sex linked disorders tend to affect males more?

A

The Y chromosome does not contain sex linked genes, so males only have one copy meaning whichever alleles are present on the X chromosome are always expressed

38
Q

What blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood into the heart

A

Veena Cava

39
Q

What blood vessel pumps blood around the whole body

A

Aorta

40
Q

What blood vessel carries oxygenated blood into the heart

A

Pulmonary veins

41
Q

Heart rate x Stroke volume =

A

Cardiac output

42
Q

During atrial systole which valves are open

A

Atrio ventricular valves

43
Q

During ventricular systole which valves are open

A

Semi lunar

44
Q

During diastole which valves are open

A

Atrio ventricular

45
Q

What sets the rate at which the heart contracts

A

The auto rhythmic cells of the sino atrial node

46
Q

Where do impulses from the sino atrio node travel to

A

The atrio ventricular node -> down fibres in the central heart wall -> up the ventricular walls

47
Q

What can heart rate be modified by

A

Nerve signals and hormonal signals

48
Q

How does the medulla affect heart rate

A

By regulating the rate of the SAN through the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

49
Q

Sympathetic nerve releases ____ to increase heart rate

A

Noradrenaline

50
Q

Parasympathetic nerve releases _____ to decrease heart rate

A

Acetylcholine

51
Q

What is blood pressure measured with

A

A sphygmomanometer

52
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

The accumulation of fatty material within an artery

53
Q

What is an atheroma comprised of

A

Cholesterol, calcium and fiberous material

54
Q

What effects does a growing atheroma have on arteries

A
  • thickens and hardens
  • looses its elasticity
  • lumen is reduced
  • blood flow is restricted
  • blood pressure increases
55
Q

What can atherosclerosis cause

A

Angina
Heart attack
Stroke
PVD

56
Q

What happens when an atheroma ruptures the endothelium

A

Clotting factors are released

57
Q

What inactive enzyme is converted to Thrombrin

A

Prothrombin

58
Q

Why is fibrinogen converted to Fibrin threads

A

They form a mesh work over the rupture that clots the blood and seals the wound

59
Q

If a clot breaks loose what is it now called

A

Embolus

60
Q

What is the danger of an embolus

A

It will travel through the blood stream until it blocks a blood vessel

61
Q

Why does a blockage in the brain cause a stroke

A

Cells are deprived of oxygen

62
Q

What can DVT lead to

A

A pulmonary embolism

63
Q

What are the uses of cholesterol

A

A component of cell membranes and used to make sex hormones oestrogen, testosterone and progesterone

64
Q

What causes cholesterol levels to increase

A

A diet high in saturated fats

65
Q

How does cholesterol travel through the blood stream

A

With phospholipids and proteins as ‘lipoprotein complexes’

66
Q

What are the two main groups of lipoproteins

A

HDL & LDL

67
Q

Where does LDL transport cholesterol to

A

From the liver to Body cells

68
Q

Where does HDL transport cholesterol to

A

Body cells to liver

69
Q

How can you reduce blood cholesterol

A
  • physical activity increasing HDL
  • reducing total fat in diet
  • statins
70
Q

What does chronic elevated blood glucose levels lead to

A
  • atherosclerosis
  • blood vessel damage
  • retinal damage
  • PVD
71
Q

How does insulin reduce blood glucose

A

By activating the conversion of glucose to glycogen

72
Q

What secretes insulin

A

Pancreas

73
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose

A

By activating the conversion of glycogen to glucose

74
Q

What secretes glucagon

A

Pancreas

75
Q

Why are type 2 diabetics unable to be treated with insulin shots

A

Their cells are desensitised to insulin which leads to a decrease in the number of insulin receptors

76
Q

What is used to diagnose diabetes

A

Glucose tolerance test or glucose in urine

77
Q

How is BMI calculated

A

Mass (kg)
————-
Height (m2)

78
Q

Why are free sugars bad

A

They require no metabolic energy to digest

79
Q

What are benefits of exercise

A

Keeps weight low
Minimises stress
Reduces hypertension
Improves HDL:LDL ratio

Higher Human Biology (3 decks)

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