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OB-Gyn > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Number of oocytes at birth

A

1-2 million

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1
Q

Number of oocytes in fetal period

A

6-7 million at 5 months AOG

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2
Q

Number of oocytes at puberty

A

400,000 oocytes

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3
Q

Number of eggs ovulated in a lifetime

A

500

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4
Q

Primary oocyte - formed when?

A

By 5 months ovulation

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5
Q

Only cell that undergoes mitosis

A

Primordial germ cell

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6
Q

Primary oocyte arrested at?

A

Prophase of Meiosis I

From 5 months ovulation until onset of puberty/ menses

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7
Q

When is the first meiotic division completed?

A

Onset of puberty/ menses

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8
Q

When is the secondary oocyte formed?

A

After completion of meiosis I at the onset of puberty/ menses

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9
Q

Secondary oocyte arrested at?

A

Metaphase of Meiosis II (until fertilization occurs)

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10
Q

When is the first polar body released?

A

During ovulation, with secondary oocyte

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11
Q

When is 2nd Meiotic division completed?

A

Fertilization

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12
Q

Ovum?

A

Fertilized secondary oocyte

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13
Q

When is the second polar body formed?

A

If there is fertilization

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14
Q

What is released every menstruation?

A

Secondary oocyte with 1st polar body

Stratum functionale

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15
Q

Action of LH? What cell?

A

LH stimulates activation of DESMOLASE in THECA CELLS which converts CHOLESTEROL to PREGNENOLONE, forming ANDROSTEINEDIONE

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16
Q

Effect of menopause on FSH, estrogen, inhibin, granulosa cells?

A

Decreased granny cells –> low estradiol and low inhibin –> high FSH (because of low inhibin)

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17
Q

Fate of androsteinedione in Theca cells?

A

80% crosses BM to granulosa cells

20% goes to periphery for conversion to testosterone

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18
Q

Effect of inhibin

A

Inhibits FSH secretion from anterior pituitary

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19
Q

Effects of estrogen on uterus and cervix?

A

Uterus: increase rate of mitotic division (proliferation)

Cervix: cause cervical mucus to be thin and watery - easier for sperm to traverse; causes FERNING of cervical mucus

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20
Q

Peak of LH secretion?

A

10-12 hrs before ovulation

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21
Q

Spinnbarket?

A

Thin and watery cervical mucus produced, as triggered by estrogen

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22
Q

Main provider of progesterone before placenta in pregnancy?

A

Corpus luteum

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23
Q

Effects of progesterone on uterus and cervix?

A

Uterus: endometrium becomes secretory, providing a source of nutrients for the blastocyst; subnucleolar vacuoles, stroma becomes edematous

Cervix: mucus becomes THICK

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24
Q

Origin of corpus luteum?

A

Remains of the dominant or Graffian follicle - leutinization

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25
Q

When will the corpus luteum regress if fertilization does not occur?

A

9-11 days after ovulation

26
Q

Chemotactic activating factor for neutrophils in the pre-menstrual endometrium?

A

IL-8

27
Q

Key event in endometrium pre-menstruation

A

Infiltration of stroma by PMNs, giving a pseudoinflammatory appearance to the tissue

28
Q

Most striking and constant event the precedes the onset of menstruation

A

Period of vasoconstriction (of spiral arteries –> hypoxia of functionalis layer)

29
Q

When is the endometrium restored completely after onset of menses

A

Day 5 of menses

30
Q

Most important factor in recovery of endometrium after menses

A

Estrogen increase in the early follicular phase

31
Q

Earliest histological evidence of progesterone action in the endometrium

A

Basal vacuolization

32
Q

When is endometrial secretion at its maximum?

A

At the time of blastocyst implantation

33
Q

Most appropriate endometrium for implantation

A

Predecidual reaction (day 20-24 of cycle)

Most ripe for implantation

34
Q

When does leukocyte infiltration begin?

A

1-2 days before onset of menses

35
Q

Trigger for endometrial leukocyte infiltration?

A

IL-8

36
Q

Source of hormones in the preovulatory phase

A

Follicular granulosa cells

37
Q

What happens to the endometrium in pregnancy?

A

Decidualization - transformation of secretory endometrium to decidua

38
Q

Highly modified endometrium of pregnancy

A

Decidua

39
Q

Layers of the decidua

A

Basalis
Parietalis
Capsularis

40
Q

First necessary event in fertilization

A

Acrosome reaction (remove cap to release enzymes)

41
Q

When is meiosis II completed?

A

At fertilization

42
Q

Product of completion of the second meiotic division?

A

Ovum

43
Q

Fusion the the male and female pronuclei forms?

A

Zygote

44
Q

What reaction renders the secondary oocyte impermeable to other sperm?

A

Cortical reaction

45
Q

Endometrium of pregnancy?

A

Decidua

46
Q

Process that establishes the 3 primary germ layers

A

Gastrulation

47
Q

What is formed during gastrulation?

A

Trilaminar embryonic disk - ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

48
Q

First organ to develop during the embryonic period?

A

CNS

49
Q

Cardiac activity via TVS can be appreciated by – weeks AOG?

A

6 weeks

50
Q

Derivatives of the endoderm?

A

Lining of GIT, pancreas, respiratory tract, thyroid

51
Q

Derivatives of the ectoderm?

A

CNS, PNS
Sensory organs of seeing and hearing
Integument layer

52
Q

Heart - completed by how many weeks?

A

8 weeks

53
Q

Limbs completed by how many weeks?

A

8 weeks

54
Q

CNS - completed by how many weeks?

A

Continues post-natally

55
Q

External genetalia - completed by how many weeks?

A

9 weeks

56
Q

Number one cause of preterm labor

A

Breaking of amnion

57
Q

Fetal urine production at – weeks AOG?

A

9-12 weeks AOG

58
Q

Membranes - fetal to maternal

A 
Amnion
Chorion
Decidua parietalis (endometrium)
Myometrium
Serosa
59
Q

Hemoglobin at 6 months AOG?

A

90% HgF

60
Q

Hemoglobin at near-term?

A

70% HgF

61
Q

Medication that induces formation of Hemoglobin F?

A

Hydroxyurea - given to patients with sickle cell anemia

62
Q

Breast sebaceous glands are called?

A

Montgomery glands - increase in size starting 2nd month of pregnancy

OB-Gyn (12 decks)

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