Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The intracellular mechanisms and processes that consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide.

A

Internal respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

At a constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas.

A

Boyle’s Law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

P=2T/r describes the relationship between alveolar radius and the tendency to collapse. A smaller alveolar radius means a higher tendency to collapse.

A

Law of LaPlace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The processes that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the external environment and the cells of the body.

A

External respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Comprises ventilation, gas exchange between the alveoli and blood, gas transport, and gas exchange at the tissues.

A

External respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Maintains alveolar patency through the elastic recoil of surrounding alveoli preventing alveolar collapse.

A

Alveolar interdependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A product of Type II alveolar cells that opposes alveolar surface tension.

A

Alveolar surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Keeps the visceral and parietal pleurae closely opposed and can be overcome by a pneumothorax.

A

Transmural pressure gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Keeps the visceral and parietal pleurae closely opposed. Dependent on water molecule polarity.

A

Intrapleural fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A

Gas diffusion across a surface is inversely proportional to surface thickness and proportional to area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dalton’s law

A

The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of each component gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The law of LaPlace

A

Smaller alveoli have a greater tendency to collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The volume of air breathed in and out per minute

A

Pulmonary ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute

A

Alveolar ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The inspired air that is available for gas exchange

A

Alveolar ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Those alveoli who are well ventilated but not adequately perfused.

A

Alveolar dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The parts of the bronchial tree not available for airway exchange.

A

Anatomical dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The factor that most increases pulmonary ventilation.

A

Tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The myoglobin dissociation curve

A

A hyperbolic curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The haemoglobin dissociation curve

A

A sigmoid curve

21
Q

The Bohr effect on the haemoglobin dissociation curve

A

A sigmoid curve, shifted right

22
Q

The Bohr effect

A

The oxygen dissocation curve is shifted right due to conditions in the tissues, meaning more oxygen is released

23
Q

The Haldane effect

A

As O2 is removed from Hb, Hb’s ability to pick up CO2 and CO2-generated H+ ions is increased

24
Q

Henry’s Law

A

The amount of a gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid at constant temperature is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid

25
Q

Most O2 is transported…

A

Bound to haemoglobin

26
Q

Most CO2 is transported…

A

As bicarbonate

27
Q

A small proportion of O2 is transported…

A

In solution

28
Q

The volume of air in the lungs after a maximal expiration.

A

Residual volume

29
Q

Equals inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume

A

Vital capacity

30
Q

The volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal, passive expiration

A

Functional residual capacity

31
Q

Equals expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume.

A

Functional residual capacity

32
Q

Equals inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume.

A

Inspiratory capacity

33
Q

The maximum total volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal, quiet respiration.

A

Inspiratory capacity

34
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be expired in a single breath following maximum inspiration.

A

Vital capacity

35
Q

The volume of air entering or leaving the lungs in a single breath.

A

Tidal volume

36
Q

Equals vital capacity plus residual volume

A

Total lung capacity

37
Q

Results in increased pulmonary compliance, produces hyperinflated lungs and will show an obstructive defect on spirometry.

A

Emphysema

38
Q

Causes shortness of breath on exertion, a restrictive defect on spirometry and reduced pulmonary compliance but no sign of infection.

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

39
Q

Will show a low FVC, a low FEV1 and a low FEV1/FVC% on spirometry.

A

Combined restrictive-obstructive lung disease

40
Q

Normal expiration

A

Is a passive process, controlled by the gaps in firing of dorsal neurons within the medulla

41
Q

Forceful expiration

A

Is an active process, controlled by the firing of ventral neurons in the medulla

42
Q

Normal inspiration

A

Is an active process, controlled by the firing of dorsal neurons within the medulla

43
Q

These chemoreceptors detect arterial oxygen partial pressure. When stimulated, they cause hyperventilation and increased cardiac output.

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

44
Q

These chemoreceptors are found in the brainstem. They respond to CSF [H+].

A

Central chemoreceptors in the medulla

45
Q

These chemoreceptors, when stimulated, can compensate for metabolic acidosis by triggering increased elimination of CO2.

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

46
Q

Chronic adaptation caused by hypoxia

A

Increased mitochondria, 2,3-BPG, capillaries and polycythaemia with a metabolic acidosis.

47
Q

Acute mountain sickness

A

Fatigue, headache, tachycardia, dizziness and shortness of breath, slipping into unconsciousness.

48
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Hyperventilation with a severe metabolic acidosis.