Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Diagnosis Revision > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone definition

A

chemical substance secreted by cells into extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 forms of chemical signalling

A

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine and neuroendocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Autocrine signalling is…

A

cells signalling to itself by releasing a ligand to bind to its own receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Paracrine signalling is…

A

cell signalling to neighbouring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Endocrine signalling is…

A

specialised cells that release hormones into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neuroendocrine signalling is…

A

nerve cell transmits signals from synapse of one nerve to another eg acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 classes of hormones..

A

lipid-soluble - use transport proteins eg steroids.

water-soluble - circulate in free form eg amine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glands release amino acid or lipid soluble hormones but specific hormones which are steroid based are from…

A

specific areas eg testosterone (testes and ovaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Steroid hormones have a longer or shorter effect?

A

Longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Target cell activation depends on…

A
  • Concentration of hormone
  • Number of receptors on target cell
  • Affinity of receptors
  • Influence exerted by other hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 types of hormone interaction…

A

Permissiveness, synergism and antagonism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Permissiveness is…

A

one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Synergism is…

A

more than one hormone produces the same effects on the target cell, these are effective individually however more affected when joint together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Antagonism is…

A

one or more hormones oppose the action of another hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Humoral stimuli is…

A

secretion of hormones in direct response to changing ions and nutrients blood levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hormonal stimuli is…

A

release of hormones in response to hormones produced by endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neural stimuli is…

A

nerve fibres stimulate hormone release (autonomic NS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pituitary gland secretes how many hormones…

A

9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Anterior lobe does…

A

synthesis and secrets a number of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Posterior lobe does…

A

receives, stores and releases hormones from the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which two hormones are sent from the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Made in the anterior pituitary but act on other endocrine systems

23
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone examples…

A

hGH, FSH, LH, TSH

24
Q

What does Human Growth hormone do?

A
  • Stimulates most cells but targets bone and muscle
  • promotes protein synthesis using fats for fuel (decreasing fat stores), conserving carbs
  • stimulates liver, skeletal muscle, bone to produce insulin-like growth factor
  • Increase muscle hypertrophy
  • Increases nuclear transcription of DNA to RNA
  • Increases amino acid uptake and decreases breakdown
25
Q

Drawbacks of Human growth hormone…

A

Acetoacetic acid is byproduct of using fatty stores and then causes fatty liver disease. Also stimulates free fatty acids

26
Q

hGH effects on CHO…

A
  • decreases glucose uptake in tissues
  • increases insulin secretion
  • induces insulin resistance
  • leads to diabetes
  • increases skeletal growth
27
Q

Somatomedins are…

A

insulin-like growth factors released by the liver once triggered by hGH

28
Q

Why are somatomedins important..

A

Need these as well as hGH to get full hGH effects as Somatomedin C (IGF 1) also prolongs the effects

29
Q

Secretion of hGH

A
  • gradual decrease till 25% at v old age
  • increased by exercise
  • highest during first 2 hrs of sleep
30
Q

Control of hGH is done by…

A

antagonistic hypothalamus hormone

31
Q

Which hormone releases hGH…

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

32
Q

Which hormone inhibits hGH…

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

33
Q

hGH secretion increases during…

A

starvation for protein synthesis and tissue growth

34
Q

4 Abnormalities of hGH sectrition…

A

Panhypopituitarism, panhypopituitarism dwarfism, gigantism and acromegaly

35
Q

Characteristics of panhypopituitarism…

A
  • decrease AP hormones
  • congenital or acquired
  • under active thyroid
36
Q

Characteristics of panhypopituitarism dwarfism…

A
  • childhood deficiency of AP
  • all body parts develop at different rates
  • do not pass through puberty
37
Q

Characteristics of gigantism…

A
  • hyper hGH production until adolescence
38
Q

Characteristic of acromegaly…

A
  • thicker bones as cant grow taller

- everything else grows larger eg liver, nose, jaw

39
Q

4 anterior pituitary ‘tropic hormones’

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
  • adrenocorticotropic H.
  • gonadotropins (FSH + LH)
  • prolactin

all released by hypothalmic (their name) releasing-hormone

40
Q

Adrenocorticotropic do….

A
  • stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
  • internal and external factors can release cortisol RH which then leads adrenocorticotropic released causing cortisol being released.
41
Q

Gonadotropins do…

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH)
  • regulate function of ovaries and testes
42
Q

Prolactins do…

A
  • Produce milk in breast tissue

- Suckling stimulates PRH and encourages milk production

43
Q

Role of posterior pituitary…

A

stores and releases hormones synthesised by hypothalamus

44
Q

Examples of posterior pituitary hormones…

A
  • Oxytocin
  • Antidiuretic
  • Both of these use PIP-calcium secondary messenger
45
Q

Role of oxytocin…

A

Triggers milk ejection, induce or hasten labour

46
Q

Role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)…

A
  • Helps to avoid dehydration or water overload through inserting aquaporins in DCT or collecting duct.
  • Inhibited by caffeine and water but nicotine increases it
47
Q

Diabetes insipidus is…

A

3rd type of diabetes where someone cannot retain fluids caused by neurogenic (ADH not being released)

48
Q

Thyroid facts…

A
  • Largest endocrine gland
  • v.rich blood supply
  • Filled with follicle cells made of calloid
  • Needs iodine to function
49
Q

Thyroid produces which hormones?

A

93% Thyroxine (T4) and 7% Triodotyroxine (T3)

T3 = 4x T4

50
Q

Synthesis of thyroid hormones…

A
  • Basolateral membrane pumps iodide into thyroid cell
  • thyroglobulin is synthesised and discharged into lumen of follicle cell
  • iodides (i-) are actively taken up and oxidised to produce iodine (i2)
  • iodine and tyrosine are released into the lumen together
  • they form T1 and T2
  • then form T3 and T4 which through a lysosome leave into the blood
51
Q

Transport of thyroid hormones…

A
  • T4 and T3 bind to thyroxine-binding globulins (TBG) produced by the liver
  • Both then bind to target receptors with T3 being 10x more powerful
  • taken up by peripheral tissues
52
Q

Effects of thyroid hormones…

A
  • Glucose oxidation
  • increase metabolic rate
  • heat production
    contribute to : maintaining blood pressure, regulating tissue growth and developing skeletal and nervous system
53
Q

Thyroid effects on growth…

A

Hypothyroidism - retarded growth and brain development

Hyperthyroidism - excessive skeletal growth early - gigantism avoided

54
Q

Effects of thyroid-hormone - specific functions…

A

CHO metabolism - glucose uptake, gluconeogenesis, insulin secretion
Lipid metabolism - adipose tissue lipolysis, FFA oxidation
Hyperthyroid - Q increases, HR increases respiratory rate increases
CNS excitation - hyper = extremely nervous, vigor muscle contractions, muscle tremor, trouble sleeping
CNS excitation - hypo = sluggish contraction/relaxation, somnolence

Diagnosis Revision (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions