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Diagnosis Revision > McCarthy Term 1 > Flashcards

McCarthy Term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common staining?

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin

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2
Q

Haematoxylin does ?

A

Stains acidic structures dark purple eg nuclei

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3
Q

Eosin does?

A

Stains basic structures pink eg cytoplasm

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4
Q

What does epithelium do ?

A

Lines the inner surfaces of structures eg GIT and blood vessels as well as outer coverings eg skin

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5
Q

Functions of epithelium

A

Protection, Absorption, Secretion, Excretion

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6
Q

Name and describe the layers of epithelium

A

Simple - one cell thick

Stratified - more than one cell thick

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7
Q

Describe the shapes of epithelium

A

Squamous - very flat, Cuboidal - cuboid shaped, Columnar - columns

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8
Q

Where can squamous epithelium be found ?

A

Lungs, Blood vessels, Skin

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9
Q

Where can columnar epithelium be found ?

A

GIT

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10
Q

Blood vessels are lined with…

A

Endothelium - simple squamous epithelium, however, as it hasn’t got contacted with the outside world its endothelium

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11
Q

Skin is made up of….

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

The stomach and convoluted tubules of the kidney’s are lined with…

A

Simple Columnar epithelium

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13
Q

The main difference in cell type of inflammation in acute or chronic on a histopathology slide is….

A

Acute - more neutrophils Chronic - more macrophages and lymphocytes

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14
Q

Feature of a neutrophil

A

Multi - lobbed nucleus

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15
Q

Feature of a lymphocyte

A

Large spherical nucleus

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16
Q

Function on neutrophil

A

Release toxins to kill pathogens

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17
Q

Function of lymphocyte

A

Generate specific immune responses

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18
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

Increased in allergic infections

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19
Q

Function of basophils

A

Releases histamine for inflammation

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20
Q

5 signs of acute inflammation…

A

Redness, Pain, Heat, Loss of function and Oedema

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21
Q

Acute Inflammation contains more of which cells..

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

Chronic Inflammation contains more of which cells…

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages and then some fibroblasts leading to scar formation

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23
Q

Granuloma composition

A

Necrosis of pathogen in centre, activated macrophages surrounding that, then lymphocytes with giant cells (fused macrophages around that).

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24
Q

Define necrosis

A

death of cell(s) caused by physical or chemical injury or severe hypoxia, due to depletion of the intracellular energy systems

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25
Q

5 types of necrosis

A

Caseous, Coagulative, Fat, Colliquative and Fibrinoid

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26
Q

Define Amorphous

A

No shape

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27
Q

Define pyknosis

A

Necrosis of the nucleus

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28
Q

Define karyorrhexis

A

Fragmentation of the nucleus after pyknosis

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29
Q

Define karyolysis

A

Nucleus dissolving

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30
Q

Coagulitive negrosis is caused by…

A

Ischaemia (reduced blood flow to the area) or infarction

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31
Q

Which type of cells are attracted to an area of coagulitive necrosis ?

A

RBC

32
Q

Define hyperaemia

A

Alot of blood rushing to one area

33
Q

Iron deficiency anaemia is caused by…

A

Blood loss, poor diet or increase in body requirements eg pregnancy

34
Q

Iron deficiency looks like…

A

Hollow RBCs

35
Q

How is Hodgkins Lymphoma diagnosed…

A

Through finding Reed-Sternberg cells (large tumorous cells). They developed in the lymphocytes and then replace normal cells and affect the immune system

36
Q

What is Amyloidosis?

A

An abnormal protein that deposits from the blood to tissues and organs. Blocks certains structures eg glomerulus in kidneys and lead to failure. Caused by mutation of gene.

37
Q

Pathological hypertrophy is often caused by…

A

Hypertension, an eg is cardiac hypertrophy

38
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

39
Q

An example of pathological hyperplasia…

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia, increase in size of prostate, not cancerous, leads to inability of urination and is reversible

40
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

The transformation of one differentiated cell into another differentiated cell due to an abnormal stimulus. Remove the stimulus, its returns back to normal

41
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

The transformation of a normal cell to a differentiated cell. Often leads to neoplasia (cancer). Remove the stimulus, its returns back to normal

42
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

A irreversible uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control.

43
Q

Benign & Malignant - Spread

A

Benign - Localised as often encapsulated. Malignant - cells transferred via lymphatic or circulatory systems so non-encapsulated.

44
Q

Benign & Malignant - Rate of growth

A

Benign - slow. Malignant - rapid

45
Q

Metastases is…

A

where a malignant tumour begins to grow in a new organ

46
Q

Benign & Malignant - Effect on surrounding tissues

A

Benign - compress normal tissues. Malignant - invades and destroys.

47
Q

Adenoma is..

A

Benign tumour of glandular tissue

48
Q

Carcinoma is …

A

Cancer that starts in the skin or tissues that line other organs.

49
Q

Sarcoma is…

A

Cancer of connective tissues eg muscles, bones, tendons

50
Q

Leukaemia is…

A

Cancer of bone marrow

51
Q

Lymphoma & Myeloma are…

A

Cancers of the immune system

52
Q

Leiomyoma (Fibroid) are…

A

Benign smooth muscle tumours, mostly occur in uterus and rarely become cancerous.

53
Q

Pleomorphism is…

A

cells of different size and shape and staining.

54
Q

Name a primary lymphoid organ

A

Thymus or bone marrow as it produces cells part of the immune system, secondary lymphatic organs eg lymph or spleen only filter the blood

55
Q

Which lymphoid tissues are unencapsulated ?

A

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

56
Q

The spleen is largely involved with response to antigens within the…

A

Blood

57
Q

Bone marrow is the site of…

A

long term antibody production

58
Q

Which one dosen’t protect body surfaces ?

Skin, mucus, gastric acid, salivary amylase or gut microflora

A

Salivary amylase

59
Q

Specific antibodies are readily detected in the serum following primary contact with antigens after how many days

A

5-7 days

60
Q

Plasma cells secrete…

A

specific types of antibodies related to the parent b-cell

61
Q

What is the first immunoglobulin to be expressed on the surface of a newly produced B-cell ?

A

IgM

62
Q

MHC II are found on…

A

B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells

63
Q

When an antigen reaches a lymph node in a primed animal…

A

there is a decrease in output of cells through the efferent lymph

64
Q

CD8 is…

A

Cytotoxic T cell

65
Q

CD4 is…

A

Binds to MHC II on APCs

66
Q

A major factor regulating the adaptive immune response is…

A

the antigen concentration

67
Q

Chronic granuloma represents an attempt by the body to..

A

wall off a site of chronic inflammation

68
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity cannot be transferred..

A

type IV

69
Q

HLA-DR2 is a risk factor for…

A

Multiple Sclerosis

70
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes causes…

A

Pharyngitis and tonsillitis

71
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is a problem in hospitals because…

A

increased antibiotic resistant

72
Q

Neisseria meningitidis causes…

A

Meningitis

73
Q

Haemophilus influenza causes…

A

H. influenzae type b

74
Q

Clostridium botulinum is an obligate anaerobe. What does this mean?

A

The organism can only live in environment which lack oxygen.

75
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an ‘opportunistic’ which means…

A

it only causes diseases in individuals with a compromised immune system.

76
Q

Helicobacter pylori causes which gastric condition…

A

Peptic ulcer disease and could lead to gastric cancer as it develops within the mucus layer of the stomach

77
Q

Campylobacter sp. cause what symptoms…

A

gastroenteritis with diarrhoea, fever and nausea

Diagnosis Revision (3 decks)

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