McCarthy Term 1 Flashcards
What is the most common staining?
Haematoxylin and Eosin
Haematoxylin does ?
Stains acidic structures dark purple eg nuclei
Eosin does?
Stains basic structures pink eg cytoplasm
What does epithelium do ?
Lines the inner surfaces of structures eg GIT and blood vessels as well as outer coverings eg skin
Functions of epithelium
Protection, Absorption, Secretion, Excretion
Name and describe the layers of epithelium
Simple - one cell thick
Stratified - more than one cell thick
Describe the shapes of epithelium
Squamous - very flat, Cuboidal - cuboid shaped, Columnar - columns
Where can squamous epithelium be found ?
Lungs, Blood vessels, Skin
Where can columnar epithelium be found ?
GIT
Blood vessels are lined with…
Endothelium - simple squamous epithelium, however, as it hasn’t got contacted with the outside world its endothelium
Skin is made up of….
Stratified squamous epithelium
The stomach and convoluted tubules of the kidney’s are lined with…
Simple Columnar epithelium
The main difference in cell type of inflammation in acute or chronic on a histopathology slide is….
Acute - more neutrophils Chronic - more macrophages and lymphocytes
Feature of a neutrophil
Multi - lobbed nucleus
Feature of a lymphocyte
Large spherical nucleus
Function on neutrophil
Release toxins to kill pathogens
Function of lymphocyte
Generate specific immune responses
Function of eosinophils
Increased in allergic infections
Function of basophils
Releases histamine for inflammation
5 signs of acute inflammation…
Redness, Pain, Heat, Loss of function and Oedema
Acute Inflammation contains more of which cells..
Neutrophils
Chronic Inflammation contains more of which cells…
Lymphocytes and macrophages and then some fibroblasts leading to scar formation
Granuloma composition
Necrosis of pathogen in centre, activated macrophages surrounding that, then lymphocytes with giant cells (fused macrophages around that).
Define necrosis
death of cell(s) caused by physical or chemical injury or severe hypoxia, due to depletion of the intracellular energy systems
5 types of necrosis
Caseous, Coagulative, Fat, Colliquative and Fibrinoid
Define Amorphous
No shape
Define pyknosis
Necrosis of the nucleus
Define karyorrhexis
Fragmentation of the nucleus after pyknosis
Define karyolysis
Nucleus dissolving
Coagulitive negrosis is caused by…
Ischaemia (reduced blood flow to the area) or infarction
Which type of cells are attracted to an area of coagulitive necrosis ?
RBC
Define hyperaemia
Alot of blood rushing to one area
Iron deficiency anaemia is caused by…
Blood loss, poor diet or increase in body requirements eg pregnancy
Iron deficiency looks like…
Hollow RBCs
How is Hodgkins Lymphoma diagnosed…
Through finding Reed-Sternberg cells (large tumorous cells). They developed in the lymphocytes and then replace normal cells and affect the immune system
What is Amyloidosis?
An abnormal protein that deposits from the blood to tissues and organs. Blocks certains structures eg glomerulus in kidneys and lead to failure. Caused by mutation of gene.
Pathological hypertrophy is often caused by…
Hypertension, an eg is cardiac hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells
An example of pathological hyperplasia…
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, increase in size of prostate, not cancerous, leads to inability of urination and is reversible
What is metaplasia?
The transformation of one differentiated cell into another differentiated cell due to an abnormal stimulus. Remove the stimulus, its returns back to normal
What is dysplasia?
The transformation of a normal cell to a differentiated cell. Often leads to neoplasia (cancer). Remove the stimulus, its returns back to normal
What is neoplasia?
A irreversible uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control.
Benign & Malignant - Spread
Benign - Localised as often encapsulated. Malignant - cells transferred via lymphatic or circulatory systems so non-encapsulated.
Benign & Malignant - Rate of growth
Benign - slow. Malignant - rapid
Metastases is…
where a malignant tumour begins to grow in a new organ
Benign & Malignant - Effect on surrounding tissues
Benign - compress normal tissues. Malignant - invades and destroys.
Adenoma is..
Benign tumour of glandular tissue
Carcinoma is …
Cancer that starts in the skin or tissues that line other organs.
Sarcoma is…
Cancer of connective tissues eg muscles, bones, tendons
Leukaemia is…
Cancer of bone marrow
Lymphoma & Myeloma are…
Cancers of the immune system
Leiomyoma (Fibroid) are…
Benign smooth muscle tumours, mostly occur in uterus and rarely become cancerous.
Pleomorphism is…
cells of different size and shape and staining.
Name a primary lymphoid organ
Thymus or bone marrow as it produces cells part of the immune system, secondary lymphatic organs eg lymph or spleen only filter the blood
Which lymphoid tissues are unencapsulated ?
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
The spleen is largely involved with response to antigens within the…
Blood
Bone marrow is the site of…
long term antibody production
Which one dosen’t protect body surfaces ?
Skin, mucus, gastric acid, salivary amylase or gut microflora
Salivary amylase
Specific antibodies are readily detected in the serum following primary contact with antigens after how many days
5-7 days
Plasma cells secrete…
specific types of antibodies related to the parent b-cell
What is the first immunoglobulin to be expressed on the surface of a newly produced B-cell ?
IgM
MHC II are found on…
B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells
When an antigen reaches a lymph node in a primed animal…
there is a decrease in output of cells through the efferent lymph
CD8 is…
Cytotoxic T cell
CD4 is…
Binds to MHC II on APCs
A major factor regulating the adaptive immune response is…
the antigen concentration
Chronic granuloma represents an attempt by the body to..
wall off a site of chronic inflammation
Which type of hypersensitivity cannot be transferred..
type IV
HLA-DR2 is a risk factor for…
Multiple Sclerosis
Streptococcus pyogenes causes…
Pharyngitis and tonsillitis
Staphylococcus aureus is a problem in hospitals because…
increased antibiotic resistant
Neisseria meningitidis causes…
Meningitis
Haemophilus influenza causes…
H. influenzae type b
Clostridium botulinum is an obligate anaerobe. What does this mean?
The organism can only live in environment which lack oxygen.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an ‘opportunistic’ which means…
it only causes diseases in individuals with a compromised immune system.
Helicobacter pylori causes which gastric condition…
Peptic ulcer disease and could lead to gastric cancer as it develops within the mucus layer of the stomach
Campylobacter sp. cause what symptoms…
gastroenteritis with diarrhoea, fever and nausea
