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alimentary system > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions of the digestive system

A

digestion, secretion, absorption, motility

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2
Q

what type of connective tissue is the submucosa

A

thick irregular connective tissue

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3
Q

what are the two nerve plexuses in the submucosa

A

myenteric and submucosal plexus

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4
Q

what nerve contributes to sympathetic control of the digestive system

A

splanchnic nerve

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5
Q

what are the two types of starch called

A

a amylose and amylopectin

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6
Q

what is transported when glucose and proteins are absorbed by co transport and why

A

water because an osmotic gradient is created

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7
Q

what is the transporter that cotransports glucose and NA

A

SGLT1

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8
Q

what is the transporter that transports fructose across the apical membrane

A

GLUT 5

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9
Q

what is the transporter that transports carbs across the basolateral membrane

A

GLUT 2

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10
Q

what are the 2 types of exopeptidase

A

aminopeptidase and caboxylpeptidase

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11
Q

how are di/tripeptides transported across the apical membrane

A

NHE3 pump pumps H+ ions out into the lumen and NA ions into the cell then PEP T1 transporter cotrasnports dipeptides with the H+ ions in

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12
Q

what are micelles made of

A

bile salts, phospholipids, fatty acids, monoglycerides

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13
Q

what happens to fats when they cross the apical membrane

A

reassembled in the smooth ER to triglycerides and coated in amphiphatic protein to stop reagregation then transported to the Golgi. here they leave the cells as chylomicrons and enter the lacteals

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14
Q

why do chylomicrons enter lacteals and not the blood

A

can’t pass through the endothelial cells tight junctions

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15
Q

what does iron bind to if not absorbed into the blood

A

ferritin

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16
Q

what does iron bind to in the blood

A

transferrin

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17
Q

what is vitamin B12 needed for

A

to mature blood cells

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18
Q

what are the two classes of vitamins

A

water soluble and fat soluble

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19
Q

what are fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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20
Q

what are water soluble vitamins

A

B group, C, folic acid

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21
Q

what are the three layers of the muscularis externa in the stomach

A

oblique, longitudinal, circular

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22
Q

what is saliva composed of

A

water, mucins, amylase, electrolytes, lysozymes,

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23
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands

A

submandibular, sublingual, parotid

24
Q

what does parasympathetic control of saliva lead to

A

watery solution

25
Q

what does sympathetic control of saliva lead to

A

thick mucous- lots of mucous (a1 ) and amylase (b2)

26
Q

what occurs in the oral phase of swallowing

A

tongue pushes the bolus to the back of the mouth

27
Q

what occurs in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

soft pallete covers nasopharyngeal opening, epiglottis goes over, pharynx muscles contract

28
Q

what is the final phase of swallowing

A

oesophageal phase

29
Q

function of the stomach

A

produces intrinsic factor, dissolve food, sterilise food, mix up food,

30
Q

how are the exocrine glands arranged in the pacreas

A

arranged in lobules that are composed of acinar cells and duct cells. lobules- intercalated ducts- interlobular ducts, interlobular ducts, main pancreatic ducts

31
Q

what are the electrical impulses for peristaltic waves conducted through

A

gap junctions in the longitudinal muscle layer

32
Q

what causes the BER to surpass threshold

A

gastrin, distension of the stomach causes long/short reflexes, if there’s fat in the duodenum it reduces contractions

33
Q

what are enterogastrones

A

hormones released from glands in the duodenum (secretin and cck) they act to inhibit gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying.

34
Q

what regulates the secretion of acid

A

parasympathetic- ACh, gastrin, prostaglandis, histamine

35
Q

how is acid neutralised in the duodenum

A

by bicarbonate released from brunners glands. bicarbonate binds with HCL which forms carbonic acid which breaks down to water and CO2

36
Q

what stimulates the release of bicarbonate from brunners glands

A

secretin and acid arriving in the stomach causes long and short reflexes

37
Q

what is secretin released from

A

S cells

38
Q

what are the septa

A

the branches of connective tissue that forms the hexagonal lobules

39
Q

what is bile made of

A

bile pigments, bile acid, lecithin, cholesterol, toxic metals, bicarbonate

40
Q

what are bile pigment s

A

break down products of haemoglobin- bilirubin

41
Q

what are bile acids

A

made in the hepatocytes from cholesterol, when joined with glycine and Taurine they become soluble (bile salts)

42
Q

what is different about the histology of the gall bladder

A

no submucosa

43
Q

what two ducts join to form the bile duct

A

common hepatic duct and cystic duct

44
Q

how does the secretion of CCK affect the secretion of bile

A

causes sphincter of oddi to relax and the gall bladder to contract

45
Q

what are the blood vessels in the liver called

A

hepatic sinusoids

46
Q

role of the large intestine

A

reasbsorb water, vitamin K production, digest short chain fatty acids,

47
Q

what causes the start of the defecation reflex

A

parasympathetic causes MMC which push the material to the rectum this causes it to distend. the distension triggers the reflex

48
Q

how is water secreted into the large intestine

A

chlorine is released from the crypts, which causes water to go into the lumen too

49
Q

how does chlorine enter the crypts

A

enters via Na/K/cl channel in basolateral membrane and leaves via chlorine channel in apical membrane

50
Q

what initiates the MMC

A

hormone- motilin

51
Q

what is the ileoceacal relfex

A

gastric emptying causes an increase in segmentation, this triggers the opening of the ileocaecal valve so chyme enters the colon and causes distension this then causes the valve to close

52
Q

what cells produce mucus in the intestine

A

goblet cells

53
Q

symptoms of constipation

A

headaches, nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal distension

54
Q

what are enterotoxic bacteria

A

bacteria that produce enterotoxins, these maximally turn on cl secretion, by elevating second messengers so too much water enters the intestine

55
Q

what are enterokinases

A

the enzyme bound in the brush border which converts trypsinogen to trypsin

alimentary system (2 decks)

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