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alimentary system > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

pathology of GORD

A

occurs when a portion of your stomach herniates through the diaphragm and you loos function of the sphincter and get reflux of acid

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2
Q

what is Barretts oeseophagus

A

metaplasia- oesophageal epithelium changes from squamous to glandular

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3
Q

what investigations would we do for GORD

A

endoscopy
PH metry
manometry

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4
Q

treatment for GORD

A

lifestyle measures,
proton pump inhibitors
anti reflux surgery

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5
Q

what are classic red flag symptoms for GI disease

A 
anorexia, weight loss
anaemia
recent onset >55
melaena or mass
swallowing difficulties
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6
Q

risk factors for oesophageal carcinoma - squamous cell

A

smoking
alcohol
dietary carcinogens

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7
Q

where does squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma occur

A

proximal and middle third of oesophagus

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8
Q

where does oesophageal adenocarcinoma take place

A

distal third of oesophagus

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9
Q

risk factors for adenocarcinoma - oesophagus

A

barrets metaplasia
obesity
reflux

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10
Q

investigations for oesophageal cancer

A

endoscopy and biopsy

barium swallow

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11
Q

common mets of oesophageal cancer

A

liver, brain , pulmonary, bone

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12
Q

why does peptic ulceration occur

A

imbalance between acid secretion and the mucosal barrier

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13
Q

common causes of peptic ulceration

A

gastritis, H pylori, NSAIDS, smoking

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14
Q

what is the treatment for H pylori

A

eradication therapy
triple therapy for 7 days
2 antibiotics
1 PPI

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15
Q

symptoms of stomach cancer

A 
Dyspepsia 
nausea and vomiting 
weight loss 
GI bleed 
Anaemia 
obstruction
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16
Q

symptoms for oesophageal cancer

A 
Progressive dysphagia 
anorexia 
chest pain 
cough 
pneumonia 
haematesis
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17
Q

what types of hepatitis are more chronic

A

B and C

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18
Q

what is cholestasis

A

accumulation of bile within the hepatocytes

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19
Q

what is primary biliary cholangitis

A

organ specific autoimmune disease of the bile duct you get granulomatous inflammation which can progress to cirrhosis

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20
Q

what tests would we do for primary biliary cholangitis

A

anti-mitochondrial auto antibodies
raised serum alkaline
phosphatase
elevated IGM

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21
Q

how do we treat primary biliary cholangitis

A

USCA bile thinners

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22
Q

what is primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

chronic inflammation and fibrous obliteration fo the bile duct
can progress to cirrhosis with a risk of progressing to cancer

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23
Q

symptoms of primary scleroisng cholagnits

A

pain
jaundice
stones
dilation and narrowing at various points

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24
Q

what would investigations deter in primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

pANCA antibodies

MRCP should be done

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25
Q

how do we treat primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

biliary stents

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26
Q

what is cholethiasis

A

gall stones

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27
Q

symptoms of gall stones

A 
pain when eating fatty foots 
asymptomatic 
feel bloated 
pain 
nausea 
biliary colic
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28
Q

what is cirrhosis

A

end stage chronic liver failure

loss of liver structure that is replaced by nodules of hepatocytes and fibrous tissue

29
Q

causes of cirrhosis

A

hep b or c
metabolic disorders
alcohol

30
Q

what score do we use to prioritise liver transplants

A

UKELD

31
Q

what is cholangiocarcinoma

A

Tumour of the bile duct epitherlium

can be intrahepatic or extra hepatic

32
Q

what is a common investigation to do for any biliary or pancreatic disease

A

ERCP

33
Q

what histological changes occur in appendicitis

A

exudate
perforation and access
layers can get destroyed

34
Q

risk factors for colorectal cancer

A 
diet 
obesity 
smoking 
family history 
IBD 
age 
Male 
previous adenoma 
certain genes
FAP
HNPCC
Puetz Jeghers
35
Q

symptoms of colorectal cancer

A 
rectal bleeding 
loose stools 
anaemia
palpable mass
obstruction 
systemic symptoms
36
Q

is right sided colorectal cancer normally polypoid or annular

A

polypoid

37
Q

what is an illeostomy

A

stoma found on the right side and has a spout

38
Q

what is a colostomy

A

usually on the left side and is flushed with the skin

39
Q

who has the FIT test

A

ages 50-74

every 2 years

40
Q

what is achalasia

A

functional loss of the myenteric plexus

failure of the LOS leading to reflux

41
Q

treatments for achalasia

A

endoscopic balloon

surgery- incision made in the sphincter
botox

42
Q

investigations for achalasia

A

manometry

43
Q

what kind of bacteria is H pylori

A

gram negative

44
Q

symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis

A

jaundice, encephalopathy
decompensated hepatic function
infection

45
Q

what investigations would you do in alcoholic hepatitis

A

bloods -
raised bilirubin
raised GGT, raise ALK p
AAT:ALT>2

46
Q

what do we do to score and assess treatment for alcoholic hepatitis

A

use the Glasgow Alcoholic hepatitis score

scre above 9 we treat with steroids below 9- don’t use steroids

47
Q

how do we treat alcoholic hepatitis

A

supportive
treat infection
protect against a GI bleed

48
Q

what is the pathology of non alcoholic fatty liver disease

A

fatty liver disease- you get steatosis, steatohepatitis,

many will develop to cirrhosis

49
Q

what is biliary atresia

A

children that are born with absence of the bile duct

50
Q

symptoms of pancreatic cnacer

A 
obstructive jaundice 
weight loss
abdo pain and upper abdomen pain 
diabetes 
vomiting 
recurrent bouts of pancreatitis
51
Q

what is acute pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

52
Q

main causes of pancreatitis

A

gall stones

alcohol

53
Q

symptoms of acute pancreatitis

A 
abdo pain 
nausea 
vomitign 
collapse 
pyrexia 
dehydration 
abdo tenderness 
circulatory failure
54
Q

symptoms of chronic pancreatic

A

pain
often a late manifestation of exocrine insufficiency
jaundice
GI bleeds upper are uncommon

55
Q

what are the diagnostic criteria for IBD

A

recurrent abode pain for more than 3 days in the past 3 months
pain improves with defecation
change in stool frequency and form

56
Q

what type of gene issue is FAP

A

autosomal dominant

57
Q

what type of gene issue is MAP

A

autosomal recessive

58
Q

what are haemorrhoids

A

perforated blood vessels

59
Q

treatment for haemorrhoids

A

rubber band litigation

60
Q

what Is the treatment or fissures

A

GTN
surgical treatment- botox
sphincterectomy for males

61
Q

symptom of a perianal abscess

A

excruciating pain and very tender

62
Q

symptoms for rectal cancer

A

painless or painful rectal bleeding

63
Q

how do we treat rectal cacner

A

prep MRI
neoadjuvant cancer to reduce the size
surgery
means me we can get clear margins

64
Q

Examples of prehepatic jaundice

A

if too much haem is released from red blood cells then it can lead to an increase in bilirubin

65
Q

what are examples of hepatic jaundice

A

due to cholestasis and intra-hepatic bile duct obstruction.

66
Q

what are examples of post hepatic jaundice

A

cholelithiasis , extra hepatic obstruction

67
Q

symptoms of hep A

A

fatigue, fever, nausea, appetite. loss, jaundice, dark urine, pale stools

68
Q

how long is the incubation period for hep A

A

2-4 weeks

alimentary system (2 decks)

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