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Physiology Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

At any constant temperature the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas

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2
Q

what 2 forces holds lungs to thoracic wall

A

1) intrapleural fluid cohesiveness (water in pleural gap)
2) negative intrapleural pressure (lungs and environment have same pressure, intrapleual fluid has lower pressure so both squeeze together to crush intrapleural fluid) - called transmural pressure gradient

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3
Q

what is a pneumothorax

A

air in intrapleural space- increases pressure in intrapleural space= lung collapse

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4
Q

what 2 things causes lung recoil for expiration

A

1) elastic connective tissue

2) alveolar surface tension

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5
Q

what does surfactant do

A

lowers alveolar surface tension- prevents alveolar collapse

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6
Q

what causes Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in new borns

A

premature babies may not have enough surfactant- hard inspiration

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7
Q

what 3 things keep alveoli open

A

1) transmural pressure gradient
2) pulmonary surfactant
3) alveolar interdependece

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8
Q

passive inspiration muscles

A

diaphragm + external intercostal

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9
Q

forceful inspiration muscles

A

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenus + pectoral

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10
Q

active expiration muscles

A

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostal

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11
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume entering/leaving in 1 breathe

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12
Q

Insp/ Exp reserve volume

A

extra volume of air that forceful breathing will give

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13
Q

Vital capacity

A

max volume of air for exp after a max insp

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14
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

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15
Q

Residual volume

A

Vol left after a max exp.

Can’t be measured by spirometry

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16
Q

FVC (forced vital capacity)

A

max vol expirable after max insp

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17
Q

FEV1/FVC normal

A

> 70%

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18
Q

Obstructive vs Restrictive spirometry

A

Obst- FEV1/FVC = low

Restr- FEV1/FVC = normal

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19
Q

Parasymp vs symp effects on airways

A

Para- bronchoconstriction

Symp- bronchodilation

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20
Q

What is dynamic airway compression

A

During active expiration pleural pressure rises= > pressure on alveoli + airways. No problems in normal people. With obstructive disease can cause airway compression/ collapse.

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21
Q

What can cause decreased elastic recoil?

A

Emphysema or obstructed airway

= harder to expire

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22
Q

Describe obstructive airway

A

Not a physical obstruction- constricted airway. Restrictive is more like physical problem stopping air getting in/out of lungs- pulmonary fibrosis

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23
Q

Why and how to use peak flow

A

Best of 3 blows. For obstructive diseases.

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24
Q

what is compliance

A

effort needed to stretch lungs.

Less compliant= harder

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25
what can increase compliance
emphysema- hyper inflation
26
pulmonary vs alveolar ventilation
pulmonary= air breathed in/ min= tidal volume x rr. alveolar= air available for transfer w blood. alveolar is < pulmonary because of dead space
27
ventilation perfusion matching
not equal. more blood flow at bottom of lungs =
28
four factors which influence gas transfer across the alveolar membrane
1) partial pressure gradient of O2 and CO2 2) Diffusion Coefficient for O2 and CO2 (solubility of gas in membranes) 3) Surface Area of Alveolar Membrane 4) Thickness of Alveolar Membrane
29
dead space
ventilated but not perfused alveoli
30
more ventilation= | more perfusion=
more o2 in alveoli= more blood flow | more co2 in blood = wider airways
31
effect of partial pressure on gas solubility
henrys law- more partial pressure = more volume of gas dissolved in liquid
32
o2 carriage in blood
on Hb. Po2 mainly determines o2 saturation.
33
describe oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve | flat upper and steep lowe
sigmoid co-operativity flat upper portions - means that moderate fall in alveolar PO2 will not much affect oxygen loading (o2 sats at high end at pulmonary caps because go higher Po2). steep lower portions- the peripheral tissues get a lot of oxygen for a small drop in capillary PO2.
34
Bohr effect on o2 disassociation curve
Po2 vs Hb saturation curve shifts to right in lower pH= more 02 given up by hb at given Po2.
35
foetal hb (HbF) vs adult
Hbf- 2 alpha and 2 gamma | - higher o2 affinity (curve shifted to left)= get o2 from mother even if mother po2 low
36
myoglobin (Mb)
``` 1 heam per molecule no cooperativity hyperbolic releases o2 at low Po2s = temp o2 storage in muscles for anaerobic conditions ```
37
what is difference in obstructive vs restrictive diseases effects
obstructive- airways | restrictive- lungs
38
forms CO2 is carried in blood
solution, BICARBONATE (HCO3), CARBAMINO compounds (HbCO3)
39
how are CO2 transport forms made?
some co2 dissolves from cells straight to blood. ``` most co2 picked up in RBCs from cells. IN RBC: 1) co2 binds to Hb. = carbamino 2) co2 + h2o -> h3co3-> H+ + HCO3. H+ -> HbH HC03 leaves RBC to blood. = bicarbonate ```
40
Haldane effect
Removing O2 from Hb increases its ability to pick-up CO2 and H+ (from Bohr effect)
41
Haldane and Bohr work in synchrony for
for hb to release o2 at tissue and pick up CO2. And opposite at alveoli.
42
what makes inspiration happen
pre botzinger complex in medulla, excited dorsal group = inspiration.
43
what 2 centres modify respiration and how?
Pneumotaxic Centre- terminates inspiration. Stimulated when dorsal fires, without inspiration is prolonged. (APNEUSIS- long insp gasps, short exp) Apneustic Centre- prolong inspiration
44
homeostasis for arterial o2 and co2
hypercapnia- central chemoreceptors | hypoxia- peripheral chemoreceptors
45
how does resp system regulate blood h+ conc
acidosis- peripheral chemoreceptors
46
reflexes that modify breathing
1) Pulmonary stretch receptors/ Hering Breuer reflex. Stops insp 2) Joint receptors 3) Cough reflex
47
What are 2 types of chemoreceptors
peripheral and central
48
what and where are peripheral chemoreceptors
sense o2, co2 and H+ pressure in blood. | in carotid and aortic bodies
49
what and where are central chemoreceptors
near medulla
50
what and where are central chemoreceptors
near medulla respond to H+ conc in CSF aka respond to CO2 in blood as only H+ from CO2 is permeable
51
where are central chemoreceptors and what do they respond to
near medulla respond to H+ conc in CSF aka respond to CO2 in blood as only H+ not permeable to the blood brain barrier (to get into CSF) but CO2 is. when in CSF, Co2 -> H+.
52
what is hypoxic drive
PERIPHERAL chemoreceptors detect low arterial Po2 = hyperventilation and > cardiac output. CENTRAL only pick up severe hypoxia.
53
what can cause hypoxia
High altitude and maybe patients with co2 retention like COPD
54
H+ drive of respiration
peripheral chemoreceptors sense H+ in blood. They correct for acidosis.
55
Acidosis causes
Excess non-carbonic h+ in blood (maybe this H+ doesn't get buffered as Hb doesn't pick it up) by lactic acid or diabetic ketoacidosis.
56
tests for airway function
spirometry, peak flow, bronchial challenge testing (exercise or allergens or drugs), Nitrogen washout for functional residual volume, DLCO- diffusion capacity.
57
main equation for buffering H+
H+ + HCO3-> H2CO3 -> | CO2 + H2O
58
what causes metabolic acidosis + how compensated
too little HCO3- = too much H+ = LESS co2 in blood and more blown off it is compensated by respiratory alkalosis.
59
what causes respiratory acidosis + how compensated
too much CO2 in blood, kidneys get rid of H+.
60
what changes in metabolic acidosis/ alkalosis
HCO3-
61
what changes in metabolic acidosis/ alkalosis
CO2
62
what do changes in h+ show
Only if its acidosis or alkalosis (not if its resp or metabolic)
63
partial vs full compensation
full is where H+ is normal?

Respiratory (8 decks)

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