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ENT > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the mechanical link between the auditory ossicles prevent?

A

Incoming sound from being reflected back as well as improving the efficiency in which sound is transferred from the air to the fluid.

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2
Q

Function of the external ear?

A

To receive sound

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3
Q

What allows the middle ear to amplify sound?

A

Big ratio of tympanic membrane to oval window- auditory ossicles along it travel between

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4
Q

The inner ear is a _____

A

receiver/ transducer

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5
Q

What is inertia?

A

Resistance of an object to change in its velocity

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6
Q

Hair cells contain _________

A

stereocilia and kinocilium

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7
Q

Defletion of the sterocilia towards the kinocilium leads to _______________

A

depolarisation > release of a transmitter substance from the base of the hair cell and activation of nerve fibres that convey impulses to the higher centres of the brain

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8
Q

The cochlea comprises of a coiled tube with three tubular canals which are?

A

scala vestibuli > perilymph
scala tympani > perilymph
scala media > endolymph

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9
Q

The scala vestibuli and tympani are joined at the tip of the coil called the _______

A

helicotrema

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10
Q

At the base of the scala vestibuli is the ____1___ and at the base of the scala tympani is the ___2_____

A

1) oval window

2) round window

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11
Q

What is the boundary between the scala media and the scala tympani called?

A

The basilar membrane

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12
Q

On top of the basilar membrane sits the _____ in which the ______ are situated

A

organ of corti

hair cells

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13
Q

The hair cells can detect small amounts of movement in the basilar membrane and due to the changing width high frequency sounds displace at the ___1____ and low frequency sounds at the ____2____ end

A

1) base of the cochlea
2) apical

Lower sounds travel Less distance

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14
Q

At the stimulated point of the basilar membrane what happens?

A

The organ of corti is depolarised, AP fired stimulating CNVIII then central pathways and information accumulates in the superior temporal gyrus

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15
Q

The semicircular canals are involved in ….

A

detection of angular movement- tells your body where your head is in space

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16
Q

What are the three semicircular canals and what plane do they detect movement in?

A

Anterior > sagital plane
Posterior > coronal plane
Lateral > axial plane

17
Q

Each canal has an _____ with hair cells

A

ampulla

18
Q

Explain how the canals detect angular movement?

A

During acceleration in the plane of a canal the endolymph remains stationary due to inertia. The movement displaces the stereo cilia however so the stimulation of associated fibres occurs. Movement in one direction causes increased during and in another decreased firing

19
Q

What detects linear movement?

A

The utricle and saccule

20
Q

The utricle and saccule have _____ with hair cells

A

maculas

21
Q

The utricle detects __1___ movement

The saccule detects ___2_____ movement

A

1) horizontal

2) vertical

22
Q

The receptors for taste and smell are _______

A

chemoreceptors

23
Q

Sensory receptors for taste are located in ______

A

the tongue mainly

also the soft palate, pharynx, larynx and epiglottis

24
Q

Taste buds are associated with …

A

papillae

25
Q

Which papillae have taste buds?

A

fungiform, vallate, foliate

26
Q

Which papillae doesn’t have taste function? What is its function?

A

Filiform

Sense touch, temperature and pain

27
Q

Binding of taste to taste buds provokes __1____ and __2___ generated. Signal are conveyed by cranial nerves ____3_____ via brainstorm and thalamus to the cortical gustatory area

A

1) receptor cells
2) AP
3) Facial nerve > ant 2/3 tongue
glossopharyngeal > post 1/3 tongue
vagus > epiglottis and pharynx

28
Q

Olfactory receptors have __1__ that project onto the surface of the olfactory mucosa. __2_____ bind to __1___

A

1) cilia

2) odorants

29
Q

Why does sniffing allow deeper smell?

A

It draws the odourants up to rood of nasal cavity

30
Q

Word for inability to smell?

A

Anosmia

31
Q

Word for reduced ability to smell?

A

Hyposmia

32
Q

Word for altered smell?

A

Dysosmia

33
Q

Word for inability to taste?

A

Ageusia

34
Q

Word for reduced ability to taste?

A

Hypogeusia

35
Q

Word for altered taste?

A

Dysgeusia

36
Q

Information on hearing is what part of brain?

A

Superior temporal gyrus

37
Q

What is the life span of sensory taste receptor cells? Which cells are they renewed from?

A

10 days

Renewed from basal cells

38
Q

What is the lifespan of an olfactory epithelium cell?

A

2 months

ENT (4 decks)

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