Physiology Flashcards
What are the elements of the affective loop of the basal ganglia?
- Lymbic system
- Ventral striatum
- Ventral Pallidum
- MDmc
What are the functions of the Septal area?
- Pleasure
- Euphoria
Will you see atrophy is there is a neuromuscular junction problem?
Non, because the muscle can still contract on its own sometimes
What are the functions of the Hypothalamus?
Operational component or output of the limbic system:
- Heat
- Feeding
What are the elements of the motor loop of the basal ganglia?
- Motor cortex
- Putamen
- GPI + SNr
- Vlo + VAmc
What are the Braak stages of Parkinson’s disease?
- Olfactory bulb and dorsal motor neurons
- Locus ceruleus
- Substancia nigra
- Cortex
What neurotransmitters are involved in depression?
- Serotonine
- Epinephrine/norepinephrine
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimune disease that causes a lack of receptor of wich neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
What are the 4 pathways/loops of the basal ganglia?
- Motor
- Cognitive
- Visual/occulomotor
- Affective
What are the elements of the cognitive loop of the basal ganglia?
- Cognitive cortex areas
- Head of caudate
- GPi + SNr
- VApm + MDpc
What are the functions of the cerebral cortex in memory?
- Long term memory: in the lobe associated to it
- Working memory: prefrontal cortex
Parkinson’s Disease is a disease of wich neurotransmitter?
Dopamine (not enough in basal ganglia)
What are the types of cells in the nervous system?
- Neurons
- Astrocytes: regulation and support (metabolic role)
- Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells: insulators
- Microglia: immune cells
What is a synucleinopathy?
Is a big category of neurodegenerative disease where you see deposits of Lewy Body – Alpha-synuclein
What neurotransmitters are involved in addiction disorders?
- Dopamine: activates the reward system/triggers
- GABA: indirect activation of reward system
- Glutamate: reinforcement, relapse, and drug seeking
Schizophrenia is a disease of wich neurotransmitter?
Dopamine (too much)
Will there be sensory involvment if there is a AHC problem?
No, because it’s only motor neurons in the AHC
What are the 3 different spinal tracts?
- Lateral Corticospinal Tract: motor
- Dorsal Columns: sensory of limbs
- Anterior Spinothalamic Tract: Pain, temperature, touch - synapse in dorsal horn
What are the functions of the Hippocampus?
- Learning
- Short term memory
What are the functions of basal ganglia and cerebellum in memory?
Non-declarative memory (procedural skills and motor programs)
What neurotransmitters are involved in epilepsy?
- Glutamate
- GABA
Will you see atrophy is there is a muscle problem?
Yes, because the muscle is never used
What are the 2 pathways of dopamine in the basal ganglia?
- Substantia nigra
- Caudate: association cortex
- Putamen: motor area
- Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
- Ventral striatum: limbic area
What are the functions of the Amygdala?
- Fear
- Anxiety
- Add positive or negative value to a stimulus
- Add emotional value to memory
- Facial expression recognition; with bilateral damage recognize face but not emotion
- Non-declarative memory
What are the different types of memory?
- Working memory is our ability to maintain and manipulate active representations of information (“what is in your head now”)
- Short term memory: 30-60 seconds
- Long term memory: everything else
