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ENT > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

where are taste buds present?

A

tongue, palate, epiglottis, pharynx

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2
Q

taste receptors are replaced within which cells within the tastebuds?

A

basal cells

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3
Q

what is the lifespan of taste receptor cells?

A

10 days

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4
Q

which type of papillae don’t contain taste buds?

A

filliform

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5
Q

receptor potentials initiate ———— in —————– nerve fibres ich synapse with ————– cells

A

Receptor potential initiates action potentials in afferent nerve fibres which synapse with receptor cells

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6
Q

Binding of taste provoking chemical (tastant) to ————- alters cell ———– and produces —————–receptor potential

A

Binding of taste provoking chemical (tastant) to receptor cells alters cell ionic channels and produces depolarising receptor potential

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7
Q

Signals conveyed by ————- via ————- and ————–to ————– ————- areas

A

Signals conveyed by cranial nerves via brainstem and thalamus to cortical gustatory areas

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8
Q

afferent taste fibres reach the brainstem via which 3 nerves?

A
  1. chorda tympani - branch of the facial nerve - VIIth
  2. glossopharyngeal - posterior 1/3rd of the tongue - IXth
  3. vagus nerve - areas other than the tongue (iglottis and pharynx) - Xth
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9
Q

what are the five primary tastes?

A

Salty: stimulated by chemical salts especially sodium chloride (NaCl)

Sour: stimulated by acids which contain free hydrogen ions (H+)

Sweet: stimulated by configuration of glucose

Bitter: stimulated by diverse group of tastants, including e.g. alkaloids, poisonous substances and toxic plant derivatives

Umami (meaty or savory): triggered by amino acids especially glutamate

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10
Q

abnormalities of taste can be either ——-/——–?

A

temporary/ permanent

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11
Q

what is ageusia?

A

loss of taste function

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12
Q

what are the causes ageusia?

A

Can be caused by e.g. nerve damage; local inflammation (including e.g. glossitis, radiation, tobacco); some endocrine disorders

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13
Q

what is hypogeusia?

A

reduced taste function

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14
Q

what are the causes of hypogeusia?

A

Can be caused by e.g. chemotherapy; medications

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15
Q

what is dysgeusia?

A

distortion of taste function

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16
Q

what are the causes of dysgeusia?

A

Many causes including e.g. glossitis; gum infections; tooth decay; reflux; upper respiratory infections; medications; neoplasms; chemotherapy; zinc deficiency

17
Q

what three types of cells does the olfactory mucosa contain?

A

Contains three cell types: olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells (secrete mucus)

18
Q

how many cillia are present per olfactory receptor neuron?

A

10-12

19
Q

———————–specialised endings of renewable afferent neurons

Each neuron has a —————- and an expanded end called an ——————-

From the olfactory rods, ——– project to the surface of the —————————

A

Olfactory receptors - specialised endings of renewable afferent neurons

Each neuron has a thick short dendrite and an expanded end called an olfactory rod

From the olfactory rods, cilia project to the surface of the olfactory mucosa

20
Q

odarants bind to?

A

the cilia

21
Q

what is the lifespan of odarants?

A

2 months

22
Q

Basal cells act as ———————- for new —————
——————-cells

A

Basal cells act as precursors for new olfactory receptor cells

23
Q

what forms the afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory nerve?

A

axons of olfactory receptors

24
Q

These pierce the ————- ————– of the —————
————and enter the olfactory bulbs in the————— surface of the brain

Olfactory bulbs transmit ———- information to the brain

From the olfactory bulb neurons pass along the———
——- to reach ————– ———- and ———– areas

A

These pierce the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and enter the olfactory bulbs in the inferior surface of the brain

Olfactory bulbs transmit smell information to the brain

From the olfactory bulb neurons passes along the olfactory tract to reach temporal lobe and olfactory areas

25
Q

to be smelled a substance must?

A

To be smelled, a substance must be (1) sufficiently volatile i.e. some of its molecules can enter the nose with inspired air (2) sufficiently water soluble i.e. can dissolve in the mucus coating of olfactory mucosa

26
Q

what is anosmia?

A

inability to smell

27
Q

what are the causes of anosmia?

A

causes include: viral infections; allergy; nasal polyps; head injury

28
Q

what is hyposmia?

A

reduced ability to smell

29
Q

what are the causes of hyposmia?

A

Causes similar to those for anosmia

May be an early sign of Parkinson’s disease

30
Q

what is dysomia?

A

altered sense of smell

31
Q

what are the causes of dysomia?

A

Examples include: differently interpreting some odours; and hallucinations of smell

ENT (13 decks)

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