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Bloc E - Final > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Small intestine functions?

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Osmotic equilibration
  3. Digestion
  4. Absorption
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2
Q

Types of contraction of the small intestine?

A
  1. Segmentation: myogenic stimulus is purely distension and involves the inner circular muscle, its functions are mixing and slow propulsion
  2. Peristalsis: interaction of longitudinal and circular muscle (behind the muscle: circular is contracted and longitudinal relaxed) infrequent, irregular, weak, shallow, travels for short distances only
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3
Q

What is the ileocecal sphincter?

A

A high-pressure zone at the end of the small intestine that is normally closed

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4
Q

Functions of the colon?

A
  1. Mixing and absorption of H2O and ions
  2. Propulsion
  3. Storage

NO DIGESTIVE ENZYME

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5
Q

What is the migrating motor complexes?

A

The fact that there is always a mouvement in the GI tract:

  • Has its peak of activity in the REM sleep and is interrupted by the intake of a meal
  • It prevents bacterial overgrowth and empties large non-absorbable molecules
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6
Q

What are the causes of constipation?

A
  1. Primary causes: dyssynergic defecation (coordination problem), or slow-transit constipation (absence of Cajal cells)
  2. Secondary causes: endocrine and metabolic, neurologic, anorectal, psychogenic, iatrogenic, dietary
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7
Q

What are the possible treatment of constipation?

A
  1. Adequate fluid intake
  2. High fibber contents in diet
  3. Regular exercise
  4. Regulation of bowel habit
  5. Avoiding drugs
  6. NO laxative!!
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8
Q

Nutrient absorption in the duodenum?

A
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Na+
  • H2O
  • CHO
  • Iron
  • Calcium

Vili: apoptosis + mitosis, synthesize enzymes + retain them in the brush border AND absorb nutrients and fluids by the secondary active transport (glucose and lactose)

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9
Q

Secretions of the duodenum?

A
  • CCK
  • Secretin
    GIP
  • Brunner’s glands: HCO3- and mucin, NO digestive enzymes
  • Crypts: undifferentiated, secrete alkaline fluid called Succus Entericus but NO digestive enzymes
  • Goblet cells: mucin
  • Paneth cells: secretes lysozyme and defensins (mucosal immune system)
  • Lymphocytes in lamina propria
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10
Q

Jejunum absorption?

A
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Na+
  • H2O
  • CHO

Vili: apoptosis + mitosis, synthesize enzymes + retain them in the brush border AND absorb nutrients and fluids by the secondary active transport (glucose and lactose)

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11
Q

Jejunum recretion?

A
  • CCK
  • Secretin
  • GIP
  • Somatostatin
  • Pancreatic enzymes
  • Goblet cells: mucin
  • Paneth cells: secretes lysozyme and defensins (mucosal immune system)
  • Lymphocytes in lamina propria
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12
Q

Ileum absorption?

A
  • Proteins (less)
  • Lipids (less)
  • Na+ (less)
  • H2O
  • CHO
  • B12
  • Bile acid

Vili: apoptosis + mitosis, synthesize enzymes + retain them in the brush border AND absorb nutrients and fluids by the secondary active transport (glucose and lactose)

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13
Q

Ileum secretion?

A
  • Somatostatin
  • Pancreatic enzymes
  • Goblet cells: mucin
  • Paneth cells: secretes lysozyme and defensins (mucosal immune system)
  • Lymphocytes in lamina propria
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14
Q

Colon abosrption?

A

JUST WATER NO NUTRIENTS

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15
Q

Colon secretion?

A
  • Goblet cells: mucin ++
  • Bacterial activity
  • Paneth cells: secretes lysozyme and defensins (mucosal immune system)
  • Lymphocytes in lamina propria
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16
Q

Malabsorption causes?

A
  1. Severe pancreatic Insufficiency
  2. Selective deficiency of Brush Border disaccharases (or transporters)
  3. Impaired Enterocyte Function (e.g., celiac disease)
  4. Loss of Mucosal Surface
17
Q

Causes of Diarrhea?

A
  1. Absorptive defect
  2. Non-absorbable osmotic effect
  3. Secretory defect
  4. Motility defect
  5. Excessive intake?
18
Q

Types of diarrhea?

A

Acute

<14 days

Community acquired or traveller’s diarrhea: campylobacter, shigella, salmonella, E.Coli, C. difficile

Institution acquired diarrhea: C. Difficile toxins A and B

Chronic

> 30 days

  1. Stool evaluation
  2. Endoscopy
  3. Radiology
  4. Specific investigation

Watery diarrhea

  1. Secretory diarrhea
  2. Osmotic diarrhea

Blood test, urine test, stool tests, SeHCAT test and lactose H2 breath test

Bloc E - Final (7 decks)

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