Physiology Flashcards
What is secreted by each of the following salivary glands: parotid, submaxillary/submandibular, and sublingual?
- Parotid: secrete fluid of water, ions, and enzymes
- submaxillary/ submandibular: mixed glands; secrete fluid and mucin glycoproteins
- sublingual: mixed glands; secrete fluid and mucin glycoproteins
How does saliva compare to plasma? What is the difference in ions?
saliva is hypotonic compared to plasma
- higher levels of K and HCO3
- lower levels of Na and Cl
Describe the function of each of the following: salivary acinus, striated duct, and myoepithelial cells?
- acinus: produces initial saliva
- striated duct: modifies saliva (hypotonic)
- myoepithelial cells: contract to eject saliva as stimulated by neuronal inputs
Describe the formation of saliva
initial solution isotonic -> absorption of Na and Cl -> secretion of K and HCO3 -> net absorption of solute b/c ductal cells impermeable to water
What transporter is located on basolateral side of salivary duct cells?
Na/K ATPase (K into ductal cells; Na out)
What 3 transporters are located on apical side of salivary ductal cells?
- Na/H anti porter (Na into cell and H out to saliva)
- Cl/HCO3 antiporter (Cl into cell and HCO3 out to saliva)
- K/H antiporter (H into cell and K out to saliva)
What is the parasympathetic innervation for the 3 types of salivary glands?
Facial N. (CN VII) for submandibular and sublingual
Glossopharyngeal N. (CN IX) for parotid
What stimulates parasympathetic activation of salivary glands? Through which receptors and what NT?
- activated by smell, food, higher brain function
- NT: ACh
- Receptor: Muscarinic
What is sympathetic innervation of salivary glands? What is the result of sympathetic activation? Through what receptor and NT?
- T1-T3 and superior cervical ganglion
- increases salivary secretion (just like parasympathetic)
- NT: NE
- Receptor: beta adrenergic
Name 7 major stomach secretions
Acid, Pepsinogen, Intrinsic factor, Gastrin, Mucus, HCO3, and Water
What is the location of oxyntic glands in the stomach?
proximal 80% of stomach (fundus and body)
Name 6 types of cells located in oxyntic glands
parietal cells, D cells, mucous cells, ECF cells, chief cells, ECF-like cells
What is the location of pyloric glands in the stomach?
distal 20% of stomach (antrum)
Name 4 types of cells located in pyloric glands
G cells, D cells, mucous cells, ECF cells
What is produced by each of the following cells: parietal cells, D cells, ECF cells, Chief cells, ECF-like cells, G cells
- parietal cells: acid
- D cells: somatostatin
- ECF cells: ANP
- Chief cells: pepsinogen
- ECF-like cells: histamine
- G cells: gastrin
Name 2 functions of HCl in the stomach
lower pH to 1-2; converts pepsinogen to pepsin
What are 3 receptors that activate parietal cells?
M3 (ACh), H2 receptors (histamine), CCK-B (gastrin)
What is the optimal pH for pepsin? What happens if the pH becomes too high?
- optimal pH = 1.8 - 3.5
- reversibly inactivated > 5
- irreversibly inactivated > 7-8
Name 4 stimuli for chief cells to release pepsinogen. Which is the most important?
- Vagus N. (most important)
- H triggers local cholinergic (ACh) reflex to stimulate chief cells
- Gastrin and secretin enter circulation and activate chief cells
Describe HCl secretion from parietal cells
- Na reabsorbed into cytoplasm (Na/K ATPase)
- negative charge on canaliculus side -> Na and K passively diffuse into canaliculus
- H2O dissociates into OH and H in parietal cell
- H secreted into canaliculus (H/K ATPase)
- Cl actively transported into canaliculus
- water enters canaliculus via osmosis
Describe an alkaline tide
CO2 reacts w/ OH in cytoplasm of parietal cells to form HCO3 -> secreted into ECF -> slight increase in pH surrounding stomach
How does the vagus N. directly influence parietal cells to secrete HCl?
M3 receptor (IP3/Ca) via ACh
How does the vagus N. indirectly influence parietal cells to secrete HCl?
- induces gastrin release via GRP directly on G cells
- activates ECL cells to release histamine
How does atropine affect HCl secretion?
blocks muscarinic (cholinergic) receptors - lower HCl secretion; does not shut down the whole system