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GI Final Exam > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic secretory unit of salivary glands? What does it include (3)?

A

salivon - includes the acinus, intercalated duct, and excretory duct

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2
Q

How are salivary glands divided up?

A

CT capsule w/ septa that divide the gland into lobes (interlobar septa) and smaller lobules (interlobular septa)

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3
Q

Describe the histology of mucous acini. What type of product do they produce?

A
  • cloudy looking cytoplasm; pale pink/white staining

- produce a thick glycoprotein-rich product

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4
Q

Describe the histology of serous acini. What type of product do they produce?

A
  • clear-staining cytoplasm

- produces a water-based product

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5
Q

Describe the histology of mucoserous acini. What type of product do they produce?

A
  • contain a core of mucous (black) cells surrounded by a serous demilune (yellow bonnet of serous cells)
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6
Q

What is the location and function of myoepthelial cells?

A

between epithelial cells and basal lamina; contract to move secretory products towards the excretory duct

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7
Q

Describe the pathway of saliva flow

A

acinus -> intercalated duct -> striated duct -> excretory duct

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8
Q

Describe the histology of parotid glands. What type of product do they make?

A
  • intense hot pink staining; large amounts of adipose tissue, CN VII passes through it
  • serous only
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9
Q

Describe the histology of sublingual glands. What type of product do they make?

A
  • faint pink to white staining; lacks defined capsule but divided into lobules by CT
  • mixed gland (serous and mucous) but predominantly mucous
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10
Q

What type of product do submandibular glands make?

A

Serous cells predominant but mucous cells are present

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11
Q

What can be found on mucous cells in submandibular glands?

A

serous Demilunes (bonnets) on top of mucous acini

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12
Q

What type of function is the majority of the pancreas associated with? Describe that component.

A

Exocrine is majority - synthesizes/secretes enzymes that are essential for digestion in intestines

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13
Q

What is found within pancreatic acinar cells? What do they produce?

A

centroacinar cells - duct cells; produce HCO3

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14
Q

What is the hallmark of pancreatic cells? What are pancreatic cells often confused with?

A

acinar cells stain intensely, centroacinar cells stain lightly; often confused w/ parotid gland

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15
Q

How would you differentiate between the pancreas and parotid gland?

A

pancreas has lightly stained pancreatic islets (endocrine) floating darkly stained exocrine cells

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16
Q

Name 4 types of pancreatic proenzymes located in pancreatic acinar cells?

A
  • amylolytic enzymes (digest carbohydrates)
  • lipases (digest lipids)
  • trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen (digest proteins)
  • deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease (digest nucleic acids)
17
Q

What is pancreatitis? Causes and sx?

A
  • premature activation of pancreatic enzymes (autodigestion of pancreatic gland following release)
  • usually caused by trauma, heavy means, excessive alcohol ingestion, or biliary tract disease
  • sx include severe ABD pain, N/V
18
Q

What is chronic pancreatitis and its major cause?

A
  • characterized by fibrosis and partial or total destruction of pancreatic tissue
  • alcoholism is major cause
19
Q

Describe the blood supply to the liver

A
  • portal vein (75%) - deoxygenated blood from GI tract (carries nutrients)
  • hepatic A. (25%) - oxygenated blood
  • liver cells receive mixed blood
20
Q

Describe blood flow through the liver

A

blood from hepatic A. and portal vein mix in sinusoids that flow in between hepatocyte cords -> flow towards central vein of lobule -> returns to IVC via hepatic veins

21
Q

Describe the histology of hepatocytes?

A

large, polygonal cells w/ large spherical nuclei

22
Q

Describe the flow of bile to the gallbladder

A

bile from hepatocytes drain into bile canaliculi located between adjacent hepatocytes -> drain towards right and left hepatic bile ducts -> hepatic duct -> common bile duct -> gallbladder

23
Q

What is the perisinusoidal space of Disse?

A

separates hepatocytes from the blood sinusoidal space; site of material exchange

24
Q

What is the periportal space of Mall?

A

located at edges of canals between stomal CT and hepatocyte chords; site of lymph flow

25
Q

Describe a classic liver lobule

A

hepatocyte chords surrounding a central vein; bile duct, portal V, and hepatic A (portal triad) surrounding hepatocytes

26
Q

What are hepatic sinusoids lined with?

A

thin discontinuous endothelium and a discontinuous basal lamina (allows for material exchange)

27
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

specialized macrophages (monocyte derived) found along endothelial lining of hepatic sinusoids

28
Q

What projects into the space of Disse and what is its function?

A

microvilli from hepatocytes; increases surface area available for material exchange

29
Q

What does a portal lobule look at? Describe a portal lobule

A
  • looks at bile production

- central axis is bile duct; ID portal triad -> draw imaginary line between 3 central veins -> portal lobule

30
Q

What does a liver acinus look at? Describe a liver acinus

A
  • looks at blood flow

- diamond shape of hepatocytes arranged around a short axis (2 portal triads between 2 adjacent classic lobules)

31
Q

Describe the 3 zones of a liver acinus

A
  • zone 1: most O2 and most toxins (most affected by high concentration of toxins)
  • zone 2: intermediate
  • zone 3: least O2 and least toxins (most affected in ischemic events
32
Q

What is hereditary hemochromatosis?

A

increased iron absorption and accumulation in lysosomal hepatocytes; leads to cirrhosis and liver cancer

33
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

hereditary disorder of copper metabolism; excessive deposits of copper in liver and brain

34
Q

What is steatohepatitis?

A

fatty liver accompanied by an inflammatory reaction

35
Q

Describe how you contract Hepatitis A, B, and C

A

A: infections caused by spread through ingestion of contaminated food/water
B: via sexual contact and blood/serum transfer through shared needles
C: 90% through blood transfusion

36
Q

Describe the histology of the gallbladder

A

highly folded mucosa w/ a simple columnar epithelium (w/ microvilli); muscular w/ bundles of muscle fibers oriented in all directions to facilitate emptying

37
Q

Does the gallbladder have adventitia or serosa?

A

Adventitia where it lies against the liver, but serosa where exposed to the peritoneal cavity

38
Q

What are Rokatansky-Aschoff sinuses?

A

deep diverticula of the gallbladder mucosa that can extend into muscular externa; bacteria can accumulate here and higher risk for gallstones

GI Final Exam (6 decks)

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