Physiology

Question 1

What does sexual dysfunction include?

Answer 1

• Sexual desire disorders
• Sexual arousal disorders
• Organsim disorders
• Sexual pain disorders

Question 2

What are Sexual desire disorders?

Answer 2

Hyopactive sexual desire or sexual aversion

Question 3

What is a sexual arousal disorder?

Answer 3

Erectile dysfunction

Question 4

What are the orgasim disorders?

Answer 4

Anorgasmia & premature ejaculation

Question 5

What are the sexual pain disorders?

Answer 5

Dyspareunia & vaginismus

Question 6

What are the ddx for sexual dysfunctional?

Answer 6

• Drugs
• Diseases
• Psychological

Question 7

What is Body-mass index (BMI)?

Answer 7

BMI is a measure of wt adjusted for height

Question 8

What are the measures of BMI?

Answer 8

• <18.5 underweight
• 18.5-24.9 normal weight
• 25.0-29.9 overweight
• >30.0 obesity
• >35.0 severe obesity
• >40.0 morbid obesity
• >45.0 super obesity

Question 9

What are the % of total sleep time of each stage in young adults?

Answer 9

• Stage N1 (5%)
• Stage N2 (45%)
• Stage N3 (25%)
• REM (25%)

Question 10

What is the description of Awake (eyes open)?

Answer 10

Alert, active mental concentration

Question 11

What is the EEG waveform of awake (eyes open)?

Answer 11

Beta

(highest freq, lowest amplitude)

Question 12

What is the EEG waveform for Awake (eyes closed)?

Answer 12

Alpha

Question 13

What is Stage N1 sleep?

Answer 13

Light sleep

Question 14

What is the EEg waveform of Stage N1?

Answer 14

Theta

Question 15

What is Stage N2 sleep?

Answer 15

Deeper sleep; bruxism

Question 16

What is the EEG waveform of Stage N2?

Answer 16

Sleep spindles & K complexes

Question 17

What is Stage N3 sleep?

Answer 17

Deepest, non-REM sleep (slow-wave sleep); sleepwalking; night terros; bedwetting

Question 18

What is the EEG waveform of Stage N3?

Answer 18

Delta (lowest freq, highest amplitude)

Question 19

What is REM sleep?

Answer 19

• Dreaming
• Loss of motor tone
• Possibly a memory processing function
• Erections
• Inc brain O₂ use

Question 20

What is the EEG waveform of REM sleep?

Answer 20

Beta

Question 21

What is the key to initiating sleep?

Answer 21

Serotonergic predominance of raphe nucleus is key to initiating sleep

Question 22

What is sleep enuresis tx w/?

Answer 22

Oral Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) which mimics vasopressin. Preferred over imipramine b/c of the latter’s adverse effects

Question 23

What are assoc. w/ reduced REM & delta sleep?

Answer 23

Alcohol, benzodiazepines & barbituates

Question 24

What is useful for night terrors & sleepwalking?

Answer 24

Benzodiazepines

Question 25

How often does REM sleep occur?

Answer 25

Every 90 minutes Duration inc through the night

Question 26

What is the principal NT in REM sleep?

Answer 26

ACh

Question 27

What NT reduces REM sleep?

Answer 27

NE

Question 28

What are the findings in REM sleep?

Answer 28

* Inc & variable pulse & BP * Extraocular movements during REM sleep d/t activity of PPRF * Penile/clitoral tumescence

Question 29

What are the sleep patterns of depressed pts?

Answer 29

* Dec slow-wave sleep * Dec REM latency * Inc REM early in sleep cycle * Inc total REM sleep * Repeated nighttime awakenings * Early-mornings awakening (important screening question)

Question 30

What is Narcolepsy?

Answer 30

Disordered regulation of sleep-wake cycles

Question 31

What is the primary characteristic of Narcolepsy?

Answer 31

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Question 32

What can Narcolepsy include?

Answer 32

Hypnagogic (just before sleep) or hypnopompic (just before awakening) hallucinations

Question 33

What do narcoleptic pt's nocturnal & narcoleptic sleep episodes start off w/?

Question 34

What is Cataplexy?

Answer 34

Loss of all muscle tone following a strong emotional stimulus

Question 35

What is the cause of Narcolepsy?

Answer 35

Strong genetic component

Question 36

How is Narcolepsy tx?

Answer 36

Daytime stimulus (amphetamines, modafinil) & nighttime sodium oxybate (GHB)

Question 37

What is Circadian rhythm driven by?

Answer 37

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus

Question 38

What are the Circadian rhythm controls?

Answer 38

* ACTH * Prolactin * Mealtonin * Nocturnal NE release

Question 39

What controls melatonin release?

Answer 39

SCN→ NE release→ pineal gland→ melatonin

Question 40

What is the SCN regulated by?

Answer 40

Environment (light)

Question 41

What is Sleep terror disorder?

Answer 41

Periods of terror w/ screaming in the middle of the night

Question 42

When does sleep terror disorder occur?

Answer 42

Slow-wave sleep

Question 43

Who is sleep terror disorder MC in?

Answer 43

Children

Question 44

When do nightmares occur?

Answer 44

REM sleep | (vs night terrors during non-REM)

Question 45

What is the cause of sleep terror disorder?

Answer 45

Unknown

Question 46

What are the triggers of sleep terror disorder?

Answer 46

Emotional stress during the previous day, fever or lack of sleep

Question 47

What is the prognosis of sleep terror disorder?

Answer 47

Usually self limited