Physiology Flashcards
What does sexual dysfunction include?
- Sexual desire disorders
- Sexual arousal disorders
- Organsim disorders
- Sexual pain disorders
What are Sexual desire disorders?
Hyopactive sexual desire or sexual aversion
What is a sexual arousal disorder?
Erectile dysfunction
What are the orgasim disorders?
Anorgasmia & premature ejaculation
What are the sexual pain disorders?
Dyspareunia & vaginismus
What are the ddx for sexual dysfunctional?
- Drugs
- Diseases
- Psychological
What is Body-mass index (BMI)?
BMI is a measure of wt adjusted for height
What are the measures of BMI?
- <18.5 underweight
- 18.5-24.9 normal weight
- 25.0-29.9 overweight
- >30.0 obesity
- >35.0 severe obesity
- >40.0 morbid obesity
- >45.0 super obesity
What are the % of total sleep time of each stage in young adults?
- Stage N1 (5%)
- Stage N2 (45%)
- Stage N3 (25%)
- REM (25%)
What is the description of Awake (eyes open)?
Alert, active mental concentration
What is the EEG waveform of awake (eyes open)?
Beta
(highest freq, lowest amplitude)
What is the EEG waveform for Awake (eyes closed)?
Alpha
What is Stage N1 sleep?
Light sleep
What is the EEg waveform of Stage N1?
Theta
What is Stage N2 sleep?
Deeper sleep; bruxism
What is the EEG waveform of Stage N2?
Sleep spindles & K complexes
What is Stage N3 sleep?
Deepest, non-REM sleep (slow-wave sleep); sleepwalking; night terros; bedwetting
What is the EEG waveform of Stage N3?
Delta (lowest freq, highest amplitude)
What is REM sleep?
- Dreaming
- Loss of motor tone
- Possibly a memory processing function
- Erections
- Inc brain O2 use
What is the EEG waveform of REM sleep?
Beta
What is the key to initiating sleep?
Serotonergic predominance of raphe nucleus is key to initiating sleep
What is sleep enuresis tx w/?
Oral Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) which mimics vasopressin. Preferred over imipramine b/c of the latter’s adverse effects
What are assoc. w/ reduced REM & delta sleep?
Alcohol, benzodiazepines & barbituates
What is useful for night terrors & sleepwalking?
Benzodiazepines
How often does REM sleep occur?
Every 90 minutes
Duration inc through the night
What is the principal NT in REM sleep?
ACh
What NT reduces REM sleep?
NE
What are the findings in REM sleep?
- Inc & variable pulse & BP
- Extraocular movements during REM sleep d/t activity of PPRF
- Penile/clitoral tumescence
What are the sleep patterns of depressed pts?
- Dec slow-wave sleep
- Dec REM latency
- Inc REM early in sleep cycle
- Inc total REM sleep
- Repeated nighttime awakenings
- Early-mornings awakening (important screening question)
What is Narcolepsy?
Disordered regulation of sleep-wake cycles
What is the primary characteristic of Narcolepsy?
Excessive daytime sleepiness
What can Narcolepsy include?
Hypnagogic (just before sleep) or hypnopompic (just before awakening) hallucinations
What do narcoleptic pt’s nocturnal & narcoleptic sleep episodes start off w/?
What is Cataplexy?
Loss of all muscle tone following a strong emotional stimulus
What is the cause of Narcolepsy?
Strong genetic component
How is Narcolepsy tx?
Daytime stimulus (amphetamines, modafinil) & nighttime sodium oxybate (GHB)
What is Circadian rhythm driven by?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus
What are the Circadian rhythm controls?
- ACTH
- Prolactin
- Mealtonin
- Nocturnal NE release
What controls melatonin release?
SCN→ NE release→ pineal gland→ melatonin
What is the SCN regulated by?
Environment (light)
What is Sleep terror disorder?
Periods of terror w/ screaming in the middle of the night
When does sleep terror disorder occur?
Slow-wave sleep
Who is sleep terror disorder MC in?
Children
When do nightmares occur?
REM sleep
(vs night terrors during non-REM)
What is the cause of sleep terror disorder?
Unknown
What are the triggers of sleep terror disorder?
Emotional stress during the previous day, fever or lack of sleep
What is the prognosis of sleep terror disorder?
Usually self limited
