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Respiratory > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

define internal respiration

A

intracellular mechanism involving oxygen and carbon dioxide between body tissues and the blood

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2
Q

define external expiration

A

external exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between external environment and cells of the body

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3
Q

define the 4 steps of external respiration

A

ventilation
gas exchange between alveoli and blood
gas transport
gas exchange between blood and tissues

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4
Q

describe the process of ventilation

A

mechanical process of moving air between atmosphere and lungs (both in and out)

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5
Q

air flows down a pressure gradient from ___ to ___ pressure?

A

high, low

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6
Q

during inspiration is intra-alveolar pressure lower or higher than atmospheric pressure?

A

lower

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7
Q

define Boyles law

A

as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure exerted by the gas decreases.

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8
Q

what two factors link the lungs to the thorax

A

intrapleural fluid cohesiveness and negative intrapleural pressure

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9
Q

what are the three pressures involved in ventilation

A

atmospheric, intra-alveolar, intrapleural

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10
Q

are inspiration and expiration active or passive processes

A

inspiration is active relying on muscle contraction whereas expiration is passive

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11
Q

what nerves supply the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve which is via C3, 4, 5

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12
Q

what is a pneumothorax

A

air within the pleural space

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13
Q

what can cause a pneumothorax

A

trauma, iatrogenic, spontaneous

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14
Q

symptoms of pneumothorax

A

shortness of breath and chest pain

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15
Q

physical signs of pneumothorax

A

hyper-resonant percussion sounds and decreased or absent breath sounds

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16
Q

what gives the lungs their elastic behaviour

A

elastic connective tissue and alveolar surface tension

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17
Q

what creates the alveolar surface tension

A

attraction between water molecules at air liquid interface

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18
Q

what reduces surface tension in the lungs

A

pulmonary surfactant

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19
Q

what is surfactant made up of

A

lipids and proteins

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20
Q

two forces that keep the lungs open

A

transmural pressure gradient and surfactant

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21
Q

two forces promoting collapse of the lungs

A

elasticity of lung connective tissue and alveolar surface tension

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22
Q

what are the main inspiratory muscles

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

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23
Q

what cells secrete surfactant

A

type II alveolar cells

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24
Q

parasympathetic nerve fibres promote

A

bronchoconstriction

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25
Q

sympathetic nerve fibres promote

A

bronchodilatation

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26
Q

what is peak flow rate

A

a test to measure someones maximum speed of expiration

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27
Q

what is emphysema

A

air within the alveoli

results in them becoming enlarged and damaged

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28
Q

lung are kept open by

A

surfactant

transmural pressure gradient

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29
Q

lungs can be closed by

A

alveolar surface tension

connective tissue in lungs

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30
Q

smaller alveoli are more likely to collapse true/false

A

true

31
Q

two main muscles used for inspiration

A

diaphragm

external intercostals

32
Q

two muscles used for active expiration

A

abdominals

external intercostals

33
Q

what is tidal volume

A

volume of air entering or leaving the lungs in one breath

34
Q

inspiratory reserve volume is

A

extra volume that can be inspired above the tidal volume

35
Q

expiratory reserve volume is

A

extra volume of air that can be expired above the tidal volume

36
Q

residual volume is

A

volume of air remaining in lungs after expiration

37
Q

total lung volume is

A

vital capacity + residual volume

38
Q

vital capacity is

A

max volume of air that can be expired after normal inspiration

39
Q

total lung volume can be measured by spirometry true/false

A

false because residual volume cannot be measured with spirometry

40
Q

what is spirometry

A

a test used to measure dynamic lung volumes and assess lung function

41
Q

what is FVC

A

forced vital capacity

maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs following maximum inspiration

42
Q

what is FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

maximum volume of air that can be expired in the first second of an FVC determination

43
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio is ___ in normal people

A

> 70%

44
Q

obstructive diseases affects __ example is __

A

the airway

example asthma and COPD

45
Q

restrictive disease affects __ example is __

A

the lungs

example is sarcoidosis

46
Q

in an obstructive disease, FEV1 is ___ FVC is ___ and ratio is ___

A

FEV1 - reduced
FVC - normal
ratio - reduced

47
Q

in a restrictive disease FEV1 is ___ FVC is ___ and ratio is ___

A

FEV1 - reduced
FVC - reduced
ratio - normal

48
Q

alveolar ventilation is less than pulmonary ventilation true/false

A

true

49
Q

why is alveolar ventilation less than pulmonary ventilation

A

due to alveolar dead space

50
Q

what 4 factors affect the rate of gas exchange

A

partial pressure of CO2 and O2
diffusion co-efficient of CO2 and O2
surface area of alveolar membrane
thickness of alveolar membrane

51
Q

define partial pressure

A

total pressure a gas would exert if it occupied the total volume of the mixture

52
Q

adult haemoglobin is made up of ___

this is the same/different as foetal haemoglobin

A

2 alpha and 2 beta subunits

different to foetal haemoglobin

53
Q

name three things oxygen delivery to tissues is impaired by

A

respiratory disease
anaemia
heart failure

54
Q

saturation of oxygen increases as partial pressure of oxygen __

A

increases

55
Q

what is the Bohr effect

A

shift in the standard oxygen curve to the right, due to release of oxygen at tissues
increased by pCO2, increased [H+] and 2,3 - biphosphoglycerate

56
Q

name three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood

A

bicarbonate (60%)
carbamino compounds (30%)
solution (10%)

57
Q

CO2 is more/less soluble than O2

A

more, this is why its transported mainly as bicarbonate

58
Q

describe the Haldane effects

A

removing O2 from Hb increases affinity for Hb to pick up CO2

59
Q

specifically where is the respiratory rhythm generator in the medulla

A

pre-botzinger complex

60
Q

during inspiration, pre-botzinger complex activates which neurones to initiate contraction of inspiratory muscles?

A

dorsal group neurones

61
Q

what steps occur during active expiration

A

increased firing of dorsal neurones - excites ventral neurones which excites intercostals and abdominal muscles - forceful expiration

62
Q

where is the pneumotaxic centre and what does it do to inspiration

A

located in pons

terminates inspiration allowing passive expiration

63
Q

in normal breathing ventral neurones are excited true/false

A

false

only in forceful expiration

64
Q

what does the apneustic centre do to inspiration

A

prolongs inspiration

65
Q

what are the chemoreceptors responsible for

A

sensing value of gas tensions

66
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located

A

aortic and carotid bodies

67
Q

where are the central chemoreceptors located

A

near the medulla

68
Q

hypoxia at high altitudes is caused by

A

decreased partial pressure of inspired oxygen

hyperventilation

69
Q

adaptation for high altitude hypoxia are

A

increased RBCs
increased capillary numbers
increase 2, 3-biphosphoglycerate so oxygen moves through tissues more easily

70
Q

what factors shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right

A 
CADET 
CO2
Acid 
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate 
Exercise 
Temperature
71
Q

respiratory alkalosis can be caused by

A 
hyperventilation 
increased intracranial pressure 
PE 
pregnancy 
altitude
72
Q

respiratory acidosis can be caused by

A

COPD, life threatening asthma, pneumonia, choking, opiates overdose

73
Q

metabolic acidosis can be caused by

A

diabetic ketoacidosis, impaired H+ excretion

74
Q

metabolic alkalosis can be caused by

A

potassium, deficiency, extreme vomiting, alkali indigestion

Respiratory (12 decks)

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