Physiology

Question 1

What are the main Endocrine Organs?

Answer 1

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary and testes

Question 2

Example of Modified Amino Acid hormones (2)

Answer 2

adrenaline

thyroid hormones

Question 3

Example of Steroid Hormones (3)

Answer 3

Progesterone
Testosterone
Cortisol

Question 4

What are steroid hormones synthesised from?

Answer 4

Cholesterol

Question 5

Example of Peptide hormones (3)

Answer 5

ATCH
ADH
Oxytocin

Question 6

What are peptide hormones made from?

Answer 6

Larger precursor proteins

Question 7

Example of a protein hormone (1)

Answer 7

Insulin

Question 8

Give an example of complimentary hormone action

Answer 8

adrenaline + glucagon + cortisol = prevent hypoglycaemia in short term high intensity exercise

Question 9

Give an example of antagonistic hormone action

Answer 9

Insulin + glucagon
Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis + increases glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells
Glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis but has no effect on glucose tissue uptake

Question 10

How are Amine hormones synthesised and stored?

Answer 10

Pre-synthesised and in vesicles

Question 11

When are Amine hormones released?

Answer 11

In response to stimuli by Ca++ dependant exocytosis

Question 12

How do Amines travel in blood?

Answer 12

Transport free in plasma because they are hydrophilic

Question 13

How are Peptide/Protein hormones synthesised and stored?

Answer 13

Pre-synthesised and in vesicles

Question 14

When are Peptide/Protein hormones released?

Answer 14

In response to stimuli by Ca++ dependant exocytosis

Question 15

How do Peptide/Protein hormones travel in blood?

Answer 15

Transport free in plasma because they are hydrophilic

Question 16

How are Steroid hormones synthesised and stored?

Answer 16

Cholesterol enters cell and hormone is made via pregnenolone in lots of steps
When hormone is made it is immediately released. It is not stored

Question 17

How do steroid hormones travel in blood?

Answer 17

Bound to plasma proteins because they are hydrophobic

Question 18

Function of carrier proteins (4)

Answer 18

Transport in blood
Provide reservoir of hormone
Extend half-life of hormone
Maintain a constant conc of free lipophilic hormone in blood

Question 19

Comment on rate of secretion of hormones

Answer 19

Not constant and fluctuates diurnally

e.g cortisol increases while sleep and decreases during day

Question 20

What is the action of Gs protein?

Answer 20

Acts on adenylyl cyclase enzyme to up regulate production of cAMP

Question 21

What hormones activate GPCRs?

Answer 21

amines and some peptide/proteins

Question 22

What is the action of Gi protein?

Answer 22

Acts on adenylyl cyclase enzyme to down regulate production of cAMP

Question 23

What is the action of Gq protein?

Answer 23

Acts to increase activity of phospholipase C enzyme

Question 24

What hormones are linked to Gs protein? (2)

Answer 24

Adrenaline and glucagon

Question 25

What hormone is linked to Gi protein?

Answer 25

Melatonin

Question 26

What hormone is linked to Gq protein?

Answer 26

Angiotensin II

Question 27

What type of ligand acs on GPCR?

Answer 27

Hydrophilic

Question 28

What type of ligand acts on Receptor Kinases?

Answer 28

Hydrophobic

Question 29

What hormone acts on a kinase receptor?

Answer 29

Insulin

Question 30

Name 3 types of hormone receptors

Answer 30

GPCR
Receptor kinases
Nuclear receptors