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Y3 Pyschiatry > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the system that is responsible for primary desires such as eating, sex and pleasure?

A

Appetitive system

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2
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter in the appetitive system responsible for primary desires such as eating, sex and pleasure?

A

Dopamine

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3
Q

What is the other name for the reward pathway?

A

Mesolimbic pathway

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4
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter in the reward pathway?

A

Dopamine

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5
Q

What is the name of the system responsible for promoting survival during threat?

A

Averse system

aka defensive system

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6
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter in the averse system?

A

Serotonin

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7
Q

Are the hippocampus, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey matter and amygdala involved in the appetitive or the averse system?

A

The hippocampus, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey matter and amygdala are involved in the averse system

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8
Q

Are the striatum, amygdala, anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex involved in the appetitive or the averse system?

A

The striatum, amygdala, anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex are involved in the appetitive system

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9
Q

Is a PET scan structural or functional brain imaging?

A

Functional

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10
Q

Is a SPECT scan structural or functional brain imaging?

A

Functional

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11
Q

Is a MRI scan structural or functional brain imaging?

A

Structural (though there is such a thing as a functional MRI)

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12
Q

Is a CT scan structural or functional brain imaging?

A

Structural

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13
Q

What is the main area of the brain involved in reward?

A

Ventral striatum

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14
Q

What is the main area of the brain involved in the autonomic control of emotion?

A

Anterior cingulate gyrus

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15
Q

Dopamine is the key neurotransmitter in the reward pathway. Where does this pathway originate?

A

Ventral tegmental area VTA

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16
Q

The reward pathway originates in the ventral tegmental area VTA and travels via the ________ to the _______.

A

Via the nucleus accumbens to the prefrontal cortex

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17
Q

Addictive drugs affect the release of which neurotransmitter? And hence cause [downregulation/ upregulation] of its pathway.

A

Dopamine

Downregulate dopamine pathway

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18
Q

Why does the threshold for reward increase over time when taking addictive drugs?

A

Tolerance develops

positive becomes negative reinforcement

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19
Q

What area of the brain is responsible for guiding intended behaviour, setting goals and focusing attention?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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20
Q

By what age is the prefrontal cortex developed?

A

mid 20s

21
Q

Describe the direction of cortical maturation

A

Back to front pattern

22
Q

What area of the brain has increased activation in addicts? This is linked to drug cravings

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

23
Q

Acute stress triggers the release of what neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine

consequence is if addicts get stressed, their cravings intensity

24
Q

What effect does chronic stress have on dopamine release?

A

Dampens dopamine activity

25
Q

What is the key transmitter of the nigrostriatial pathway?

A

Dopamine

26
Q

Where does the nigrostriatal pathway go?

A

Substantia nigra > striatum

27
Q

What is the function of the nigrostriatal pathway?

A

Extrapyramidal motor system

28
Q

Dopamine is the key transmitter of the tuberoinfundibular pathway, it functions is the release of what hormone?

A

PRL

29
Q

What is the consequence of hyperactivity of the subcortical dopamine pathways?

A

Psychosis

30
Q

What is the consequence of hypoactivity of the mesocortical dopamine pathways?

A

Cognitive and negative symptoms

31
Q

What signalling molecules is stimulated by type D1 and D5 dopamine receptors?

A

cAMP

32
Q

What enzyme is inhibited by type D2, D3 and D4 dopamine receptors?

A

Adenyl cyclase

33
Q

Acetylcholine is the key transmitter of the striatal interneuron projection, what is its function here?

A

Motor

34
Q

Acetylcholine is the key transmitter of the Nucleus basilis of Meynert projection, what is its function here?

A

Attention and arousal

35
Q

Acetylcholine is the key transmitter of the medial septal nucleus, what is its function here?

A

Learning andmemory

36
Q

What is the minimum and maximum GCS?

A

3 - 15

37
Q

What are the 3 domains of GCS, and how many points do they account for?

A

Eye opening 4
Verbal 5
Motor 6

38
Q

What are the ranges of eye opening for assessing GCS?

A

None 1
On pain 2
On command 3
Spontaneous 4

39
Q

What are the ranges of verbal response for assessing GCS?

A 
None 1
Incomprehensible 2
Slur/not full sentence 3
Confused 4
Orientated 5
40
Q

What are the ranges of motor response for assessing GCS?

A 
None 1
Extension 2
Abnormal flexion 3
Flex to pain 4
Localise pain 5
Obey command 6
41
Q

“Learned voluntary behaviour done so regularly it becomes involuntary” describes _____

A

Automaticity

42
Q

Learning by association is what type of conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning

43
Q

Severe grief occurring for longer than _____ is a red flag.

A

6 months

44
Q

A post-mortem is always indicated in what age group?

A

Under 18 years

45
Q

A post-mortem is always indicated if the cause of death is suicide. T or F

A

True

46
Q

How long must symptoms have been occurring for a diagnosis of gaming disorder?

A

> 12 months

47
Q

A GCS of less than ___ is a coma

A

8

48
Q

The _____ nerve can be used to for pain response when assessing GCS

A

Supraorbital nerve

Y3 Pyschiatry (15 decks)

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