Physiology

Question 1

What is the name of the system that is responsible for primary desires such as eating, sex and pleasure?

Answer 1

Appetitive system

Question 2

What is the main neurotransmitter in the appetitive system responsible for primary desires such as eating, sex and pleasure?

Answer 2

Dopamine

Question 3

What is the other name for the reward pathway?

Answer 3

Mesolimbic pathway

Question 4

What is the main neurotransmitter in the reward pathway?

Answer 4

Dopamine

Question 5

What is the name of the system responsible for promoting survival during threat?

Answer 5

Averse system

aka defensive system

Question 6

What is the main neurotransmitter in the averse system?

Answer 6

Serotonin

Question 7

Are the hippocampus, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey matter and amygdala involved in the appetitive or the averse system?

Answer 7

The hippocampus, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey matter and amygdala are involved in the averse system

Question 8

Are the striatum, amygdala, anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex involved in the appetitive or the averse system?

Answer 8

The striatum, amygdala, anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex are involved in the appetitive system

Question 9

Is a PET scan structural or functional brain imaging?

Answer 9

Functional

Question 10

Is a SPECT scan structural or functional brain imaging?

Answer 10

Functional

Question 11

Is a MRI scan structural or functional brain imaging?

Answer 11

Structural (though there is such a thing as a functional MRI)

Question 12

Is a CT scan structural or functional brain imaging?

Answer 12

Structural

Question 13

What is the main area of the brain involved in reward?

Answer 13

Ventral striatum

Question 14

What is the main area of the brain involved in the autonomic control of emotion?

Answer 14

Anterior cingulate gyrus

Question 15

Dopamine is the key neurotransmitter in the reward pathway. Where does this pathway originate?

Answer 15

Ventral tegmental area VTA

Question 16

The reward pathway originates in the ventral tegmental area VTA and travels via the ________ to the _______.

Answer 16

Via the nucleus accumbens to the prefrontal cortex

Question 17

Addictive drugs affect the release of which neurotransmitter? And hence cause [downregulation/ upregulation] of its pathway.

Answer 17

Dopamine

Downregulate dopamine pathway

Question 18

Why does the threshold for reward increase over time when taking addictive drugs?

Answer 18

Tolerance develops

positive becomes negative reinforcement

Question 19

What area of the brain is responsible for guiding intended behaviour, setting goals and focusing attention?

Answer 19

Prefrontal cortex

Question 20

By what age is the prefrontal cortex developed?

Answer 20

mid 20s

Question 21

Describe the direction of cortical maturation

Answer 21

Back to front pattern

Question 22

What area of the brain has increased activation in addicts? This is linked to drug cravings

Answer 22

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 23

Acute stress triggers the release of what neurotransmitter?

Answer 23

Dopamine

consequence is if addicts get stressed, their cravings intensity

Question 24

What effect does chronic stress have on dopamine release?

Answer 24

Dampens dopamine activity

Question 25

What is the key transmitter of the nigrostriatial pathway?

Answer 25

Dopamine

Question 26

Where does the nigrostriatal pathway go?

Answer 26

Substantia nigra > striatum

Question 27

What is the function of the nigrostriatal pathway?

Answer 27

Extrapyramidal motor system

Question 28

Dopamine is the key transmitter of the tuberoinfundibular pathway, it functions is the release of what hormone?

Answer 28

PRL

Question 29

What is the consequence of hyperactivity of the subcortical dopamine pathways?

Answer 29

Psychosis

Question 30

What is the consequence of hypoactivity of the mesocortical dopamine pathways?

Answer 30

Cognitive and negative symptoms

Question 31

What signalling molecules is stimulated by type D1 and D5 dopamine receptors?

Answer 31

cAMP

Question 32

What enzyme is inhibited by type D2, D3 and D4 dopamine receptors?

Answer 32

Adenyl cyclase

Question 33

Acetylcholine is the key transmitter of the striatal interneuron projection, what is its function here?

Answer 33

Motor

Question 34

Acetylcholine is the key transmitter of the Nucleus basilis of Meynert projection, what is its function here?

Answer 34

Attention and arousal

Question 35

Acetylcholine is the key transmitter of the medial septal nucleus, what is its function here?

Answer 35

Learning andmemory

Question 36

What is the minimum and maximum GCS?

Answer 36

3 - 15

Question 37

What are the 3 domains of GCS, and how many points do they account for?

Answer 37

Eye opening 4 Verbal 5 Motor 6

Question 38

What are the ranges of eye opening for assessing GCS?

Answer 38

None 1 On pain 2 On command 3 Spontaneous 4

Question 39

What are the ranges of verbal response for assessing GCS?

Answer 39

``` None 1 Incomprehensible 2 Slur/not full sentence 3 Confused 4 Orientated 5 ```

Question 40

What are the ranges of motor response for assessing GCS?

Answer 40

``` None 1 Extension 2 Abnormal flexion 3 Flex to pain 4 Localise pain 5 Obey command 6 ```

Question 41

"Learned voluntary behaviour done so regularly it becomes involuntary" describes _____

Answer 41

Automaticity

Question 42

Learning by association is what type of conditioning?

Answer 42

Classical conditioning

Question 43

Severe grief occurring for longer than _____ is a red flag.

Answer 43

6 months

Question 44

A post-mortem is always indicated in what age group?

Answer 44

Under 18 years

Question 45

A post-mortem is always indicated if the cause of death is suicide. T or F

Answer 45

True

Question 46

How long must symptoms have been occurring for a diagnosis of gaming disorder?

Answer 46

>12 months

Question 47

A GCS of less than ___ is a coma

Answer 47

8

Question 48

The _____ nerve can be used to for pain response when assessing GCS

Answer 48

Supraorbital nerve