Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infectious Disease > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define epidemiology

A
  • Study of factors that determine the frequency, distribution and patterns of disease in human populations
  • Includes ways to control and eradicate disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define pathology

A

Study of disease and disease process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define infectious disease

A

Disease caused by a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define communicable disease

A

Infectious disease which can be passed from human to human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define contagious disease

A

Easily communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define incidence

A

Number of new cases of a disease in a defined population for a specific time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define prevalence

A

Number of cases of disease in a given population during a specific time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define morbidity

A

State of being diseased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define mortality

A

Number of deaths due to a disease in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define sporadic disease

A
  • Occurs occasionally in a geographic distribution

- Usually because disease is well controlled through sanitation or vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define endemic disease

-Example

A
  • Always present in a population within a certain geographical area
  • Often related to health conditions, environmental factor for organism or a biological vector
  • Example: Malaria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define epidemic disease

A
  • Greater than usual number of cases in a particular area over a short period of time
  • Can be related to rapid spread due to contamination of food or water source
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define pandemic

-Examples

A
  • Disease in epidemic proportions in several countries
  • 1918 Spanish flu
  • Current: tuberculosis and AIDS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define pathogen

A

Organism capable of causing disease in an otherwise healthy individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define virulence

A

A measure of an organism’s pathogenicity, AKA its ability to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define virulence factor

-Examples

A
  • Property of a microbe that creates disease by increasing ability to colonize, derive nutrients or avoid host immunity
  • Simply - the weapons with which a pathogen causes disease*
  • Examples: pili, capsule, coagulase, hyaluronidase, toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define opportunistic pathogen

A
  • Organism able to cause disease in an immunocompromised host
  • Usually lacks virulence factors
  • Often normal flora
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define transmission and give examples

A
  • Route of moving from host to host
  • Host to host contact
  • Inhalation of droplets
  • Fecal-oral route
  • Blood-blood
  • Fomites
  • Vector
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define vector

A
  • Carries or transmits pathogen to host

- Biological vectors often arthropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define reservoir

A
  • Site from which infectious disease is transmitted
  • Shows no sign of disease
  • Living or nonliving (fomite)
  • Or environmental source such as soil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define carrier

A
  • Diseased individuals who show no or mild symptoms (subclinical infections) or
  • Continue to shed disease post recovery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List the flow of acute disease progression

A
  • Infection
  • Incubation period (before disease symptoms begin)
  • Prodromal symptoms (fatigue, lethargy, dull ache, headache, etc.)
  • Acute phase (species-specific disease symptoms)
  • Decline (body’s immune defenses are battling pathogen)
  • Convalescence (recovery time)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List the physical & chemical barriers to disease

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Normal FLora
  • Acidity
  • Lysozyme
  • Bile
  • Interferon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

List the portions of the blood involved in the immune system

A

Aqueous:

  • Plasma
  • Serum

Cells:
-Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

List the WBCs that are granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils (PMNs)
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

List the WBCs that are agranulocytes

A
  • Monocytes

- Lymphocytes: B cells and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Platelets are…

A
  • fragmented megakaryocytes

- they’re produced from very large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name another body system that functions in immunity

A

The lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When does non-specific immune response occur?

A

Once an organism breaches physical and chemical barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

List the cellular “players” in non-specific immune response

A
  • Neutrophils circulating
  • Monocytes circulating (macrophages in tissue)
  • Dendritic cells in skin and mucous membranes
  • Microglia in CNS
  • M cells of GALT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

List the stages of phagocytosis

A
  1. chemotaxis (ability to move towards a source)
  2. attachment (of phagocyte to microbe)
  3. ingestion (of the microbe by the phagocyte)
  4. digestion (lysozyme with digestive enzymes attaches to phagocyte to form phagolysosome - digests microbe and releases indigestible material)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Explain the respiratory burst associated with phagocytosis

A

Respiratory burst associated with phagocytosis d/t creation of reactive oxygen species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe the inflammatory response

A
  • Response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants
  • Protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators
34
Q

The inflammatory response functions to…

A

Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear necrotic cells and tissue, and to initiate tissue repair

35
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of the inflammatory response?

A
  1. Calor – heat
  2. Dolor – pain
  3. Rubor – erythema
  4. Tumor – swelling
36
Q

What is the first inflammatory cell to arrive?

A

The neutrophil

-Attracted to infection or tissue injury by soluble chemoattractants AKA chemokines, the acute phase proteins

37
Q

Give an example of a neutrophil and its function

A
  • E.g. IL-8 produced by damaged host cells attracts and activates neutrophils
  • Neutrophils phagocytize particles, secrete cytokines to further attract and activate phagocytes
38
Q

Which inflammatory cells arrive after the neutrophil? What is the function?

A
  • Macrophages arrive and are activated to phagocytize and digest pathogen
  • Macrophage also secrete cytokines which illicit responses such as fever and blood vessel dilation
  • Antigen presentation**
39
Q

Define systemic inflammation

A
  • Uncontrolled systemic inflammation, septic shock, can lead to serious illness and death
  • Uncontrolled fever
  • BV dilation can lead to massive efflux to tissue resulting in low blood pressure and edema
  • Septic shock: gram NEGATIVE organism
40
Q

Define specific immunity

A

Activation of lymphocytes which recognize unique invaders

41
Q

Adaptive immune response is characterized by… (3 parts)

A
  1. Specificity for the antigen
  2. Memory ability to respond more vigorously when re-exposed to the same antigen
  3. Tolerance ability to discriminate self antigens from non-self antigens
42
Q

Define antigens (Ag)

A
  • Macromolecules which induce an immune response
  • Recognized as foreign i.e. immunogenic
  • Molecular size (large enough to be phagocytized)
  • Physical form (usually protein in nature)
  • Appropriate dose and route
43
Q

Which phagocytes act as APCs (antigen presenting cells)? What is their function?

A
  • Monocyte
  • Macrophage
  • Neutrophil
  • T helper cells

*Place antigenic determinants on own cell surface and interact and stimulate specific lymphocytes

44
Q

Explain antigenic determinants

A

The antibody or T cell receptor (TCR) does not interact with entire Ag, only against a distinct portion of the molecule called an antigenic determinant or epitope.

Therefore antigen presentation by phagocytes is the most important step in initiating the immune response

45
Q

List the kinds of receptors in antigen presentation

A

B cell receptor is surface antibody

T Cell Receptor (TCR) = T cell antibody

46
Q

TCRs bind peptide antigens presented by…

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.

47
Q

List the functions of MHC

A
  • MHC proteins serve as a platform for Ag presentation**
  • MHC is the chaperone for Ag that are presented to TCRs
  • MHC molecules bind to both T cell receptor and CD4/CD8 co-receptors on T lymphocytes to trigger T-cell activation
  • It is important to have differing distribution of MHCs
48
Q

Class I MHC proteins

  • where are they found
  • what receptor recognizes them
A
  • Found on the surfaces of all nucleated cells

- Recognized by cytotoxic T cell TCR and the CD8 co-receptor

49
Q

Class I MHC proteins

  • function
  • comprises
A
  • To address intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and intracellular bacteria (RMSF, gonorrhea, etc.)
  • MHC class I comprises HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C molecules
50
Q

Class II MHC proteins

  • where are they found
  • what receptor recognizes them
A
  • Found only on the surface of B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, all of which are APCs
  • Recognized by helper T cell TCR and CD4 coreceptor
  • Further stimulate the immune response by activating T and B cells
51
Q

Define cell-mediated immunity

A
  • Branch of the immune system mediated by T cells
  • Particularly effective against intracellular pathogens i.e. viruses, fungi, protozoa and parasites, cancerous cells and transplanted tissue
52
Q

Explain Th cells, their markers and activation

A
  • T helper cells
  • Bear CD4 markers
  • Recognizing MHC II
  • Activated by APC**
  • Mature and proliferate
  • Activate immune response
  • 2 subsets
53
Q

Type I Th cells

A
  • Activate macrophages, CD8+ T cell
  • Cellular immune system
  • -Maximizes the killing efficacy of the macrophages
  • -Proliferation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells
54
Q

Type II Th cells

A
  • Activate B lymphocytes, eosinophil, mast cell
  • Humoral immune system
  • -Stimulates B-cells into proliferation
  • -Induce B-cell antibody class switching
  • -Increase neutralizing antibody production
55
Q

Explain Tc cells, their markers and activation

A
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • Bear CD8 marker
  • Recognize antigens on virus-infected host cells and tumor cells in conjunction with MHC I*
  • Once stimulated circulate and kill Ag bearing cells
  • Antigen-specific recognition triggers killing via perforin and granzymes
56
Q

Explain Ts cells, their markers and activation

A
  • Suppressor or regulatory cells
  • A subset bears the CD8 marker
  • Serve to inhibit Th cells***
  • -Modulates the immune response
  • Suppress activation of the immune system and prevent pathological self-reactivity
57
Q

Explain NK cells

A
  • Natural killer (NK) cells use the same effectors as TC cells to kill virus-infected cells and tumors
  • NK cells do not require stimulation, nor do they exhibit memory**
  • NK cells respond in the absence of MHC proteins
  • There is a subset of T cells called NKT cells which are stimulated outside the MHC requirement
58
Q

Define humoral immunity

A
  • Branch of the immune system mediated by B lymphocytes

- Activated B cells produce antibody which circulates as the effector of humoral immunity

59
Q

What kind of immunity is humoral immunity? What is it effective against?

A
  • Antibody-mediated immunity
  • Particularly effective against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria in the blood or lymph
  • Against soluble pathogen products such as toxins
60
Q

Immunoglobulin structure

A

Immunoglobulin (Ig) (antibody) proteins consist of four chains, two heavy and two light

61
Q

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

A
  • 80% of circulating Ab
  • Appears 2nd in immune response
  • Produced by memory cells
  • Crosses placenta
62
Q

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

A
  • 5-10% circulating Ab
  • First to appear in immune response*
  • Class switch to IgG occurs due to T cell cytokine
63
Q

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

A
  • 10% of circulating Ab
  • Found in secretions
  • Produced by MALT
64
Q

Define MALT

A
  • Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
  • Diffuse system of lymphoid tissue found in various sub-mucosa membrane sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin
65
Q

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

A
  • < 1% of circulating Ab
  • Binds allergen
  • Binds basophils and mast cells
  • Allergic response**
66
Q

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

A
  • < 0.05% circulating Ab
  • Found on immature B cell surface
  • B cell then goes to make another Ig molecule
67
Q

List the Steps to Antibody Production

A
  • First – Ag exposure
  • B cell binds Ag via surface Ig (prob. IgD)
  • Presents Ag on MHC II to TH via TCR & CD4
  • TH secretes cytokines
  • B cell stimulated, matures into plasma cell
  • Ab secreted (IgM flavor first, then IgG)
  • B cells can also be directly stimulated by binding Ag
68
Q

When is memory B cell found?

A
  • Remains after initial Ag exposure

- Activation requires no T cell interaction

69
Q

Antigen recognition diversity

A
  • *Billions of Ag recognized, only 300 genes

- DNA recombination of variable and constant regions generates endless combinations

70
Q

Antibody action

A
  • Antibodies circulate and bind Ag

- Soluble Ag is neutralized

71
Q

Define opsonization

A
  • You can increase phagocytosis by coating that bacterial cell with antibody.
  • Phagocytes can actually bind a portion of the immunoglobulin portion (Fc portion) and helps it phagocytose the organism.
  • If you coat that antigen with antibody, it enhances phagocytosis.
  • This process is called opsonization.
72
Q

Explain complement

A
  • If you have antibody there, complement can be stimulated by antibody.
  • Antibody is acting as a flag for something else.
  • Complement – series of proteins produced by the liver circulating in the blood.
  • Only activated to form the hole in the surface of the cell if antibody is there - acts as a guide,
  • Hole will be poked in that cell nearby where antibody is stuck to the antigen.
73
Q

Define Superantigens

A
  • Trigger excessive and aberrant activation of T cells
  • Large amounts of cytokine release can cause severe and life-threatening symptoms, including shock and multiple organ failure
  • Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes together produce 19 different superantigens**
  • Also Gram negative bacteria, mycoplasma, and viruses
74
Q

Define natural active immunity

A

Immune response to antigen – you just getting the exposure

75
Q

Define natural passive immunity

A
  • Born with certain amount of IgG that can cross the placenta
  • Placental transfer of maternal antibody, or breast feeding
76
Q

Define artificial active immunity

A

Immune developed after intentional exposure of Ag i.e. vaccination

77
Q

Define artificial passive immunity

A
  • Injection of preformed Ab

- If you’ve been exposed to Hep A, go get an immunoglobulin shot

78
Q

Explain inactivated viral vaccines - give examples

A
  • Damaged and not capable of infection

- Salk polio, rabies

79
Q

Explain attenuated viral vaccines - give examples

A
  • Viable avirulent virus infection

- Varicella, measles, mumps, Sabin (oral)

80
Q

List the types of bacterial vaccines

A
  • killed
  • attenuated
  • toxoid
  • -denatured toxin
  • -e.g. diphtheria, tetanus
81
Q

Future of vaccines

A
  • Synthetic peptide sequences can be inserted into an engineered virus (Vaccinia) used as a vector to induce immune response
  • DNA can be inserted on a plasmid and introduced to cells which translate proteins and induce immune response

Infectious Disease (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions