Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infectious Disease > Bacterial Diseases > Flashcards

Bacterial Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what is tetanus?

A

An acute infectious disease caused by
spores from the bacterium
Clostridium tetani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what type of bacteria is c. tetani?

A

anaerobic, gram-positive

bacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

appearance of c. tetani

A

“drum stick” appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

transmission of c. tetani

A
  • spores found everywhere in environment

- develop into bacteria when it enters the body (usu through breaks in the skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is unique about tetanus?

A

although it’s preventable w/ vaccine, it’s not spread person to person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

c. tetani pathogenesis

A
  • spores colonize a deep puncture wound
  • in the presence of anaerobic conditions, it produces tetanus toxins
  • diffuses away from the would and enters the blood stream and lymph system
  • toxins act on neurons that control the nueral feedback that tells flexed musces to relsx
  • prevents theses neurons from signaling the relaxation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

incubation period of c. tetani

A

3-21 days (avg. 5-10)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 clinical forms of tetanus

A
  • generalized
  • localized
  • cephalic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

generalized tetanus s/sx

A
  • MC
  • spasm of masseter (lockjaw)
  • HA
  • muscle spasms
  • jerking or staring
  • dysphagia/drooling
  • painful muscle stiffness
  • diaphoresis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

localized tetanus s/sx

A

-muscle spasms in a confined area close to the site of the injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cephalic tetanus s/sx

A
  • assocated w/ lesions of the head/face and OM

- results in flaccid cranial nerve palsies rather than spasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

dx of tetanus

A

clinical - no lab tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tx of tetanus

A
  • medical emergency
  • immediate tx w/ human tetanus immune globulin (TIG)
  • agents for muslce spasms
  • aggressive wound care
  • IVIG can be used
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

prognosis of tetanus

A

-mortality: worldwide - 50%; untreated adults - 15-60%; neonates - 80-90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how long does the tetanus vaccine last?

A

10 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is diptheria?

A

Diphtheria is an infection
caused by the
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae bacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Corynebacterium

diphtheriae bacteria type

A
  • nonmotile, noncapsulated, club-shaped

- gram-positive bacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

causes of diptheria

A
  • person to person through respiratory droplets
  • contaminated personal items, household items
  • touching contaminated wound
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pathogenesis of c. diptheriae

A
  • adheres to mucosal epi cells where the exotoxin (released by endosomes) causes a localized inflammatory rxn then destruction and necrosis
  • distruction enables the toxin to be carried lymphatically and hematologically to other parts of the body an can have a systemic effect
20
Q

incubation period of c. diptheriae

A
  • 2-5 days

- can involve any mucous membrane

21
Q

types of diptheria

A
  • respiratory: nasal, pharyngeal and tonsillar, laryngeal

- cutaneous

22
Q

s/sx of diptheria

A
  • thick gray membrane covering your throat and tonsils
  • sore throat and hoarseness
  • enlarged lymph nodes and bull neck
  • difficulty or rapid breathing
  • nasal discharge
  • fever, chills, malaise
23
Q

cutaneous diptheria

A

-type of diphtheria can affect the skin,
causing the typical pain, redness and swelling associated with other bacterial skin infections
-Ulcers covered by a gray membrane also may bdevelop in cutaneous diphtheria

24
Q

complications of diptheria

A
  • blocking of airway
  • myocarditis
  • nervous system toxicity
  • pneumonia
25
Q

Dx of diptheria

A
  • pharyngeal gram stain and culture
  • wound gram stain and culture

**don’t wait for results to start tx

26
Q

tx of diptheria

A
  • antitoxin (DAT)
  • abs: penicillin or erythromycin
  • isolation
  • vaccination
  • examine close contacts
27
Q

What is botulism?

A 
-a rare, serious, life-threatening
disease
-caused by a toxin that attacks the body’s nerves and causes difficulty breathing,
muscle paralysis and even death
-an intoxication not infection 
-no person to person spread
28
Q

bacterium the produces the botulism toxcin

A

-clostridium botulinum

29
Q

clostridium botulinum bacteria type

A

-Anaerobic, gram positive, rod-shaped bacteria
-Spores normally grow in soil or lake sediments
-found on plants growing in feces
contaminated soil

30
Q

how many forms of botulinum toxins?

A
  • 7

- A-G

31
Q

which kinds of toxins cause human botulism

A
  • A
  • B
  • E
  • rarely F
32
Q

50% of food borne botulism outbreaks are from which kinds?

A

A; then B and E

33
Q

which kinds of botulism cause illness in birds and mammals?

A

C, D and E

34
Q

infant botulism

A

caused by ingesting spores of the bacteria which germinate and produce toxin in the intestines (honey)

35
Q

food borne botulism

A

caused by eating foods that contain botulism toxin

36
Q

wound botulism

A

C. botulinum spores germinate in the infected tissue

37
Q

inhalation botulism

A

Aerosolized toxin is inhaled:

▪ does not occur naturally and may be indicative of bioterrorism

38
Q

home canned goods and risk for botulism

A

-particularly low-acid foods such as asparagus, beets, and corn

39
Q

honey and risk for botulism

A
  • can contain C. botulinum spores

- not recommended for infants <12 months old

40
Q

pathogenesis of botulism

A

-toxin enters blood stream from wound or mucosal surface –> binds to peripheral cholinergic nerve endings –> inhibits release of Ach –> prevents muscles from contracting –> symmetrical, descending, flaccid paralysis from cranial nerve downward

41
Q

complications of botulism

A

-Can result from airway obstruction or paralysis of respiratory muscles
-Secondary complications related to prolonged ventilatory support and
intensive care

42
Q

Sx of botulism

A
  • n/v
  • HA
  • diplopia
  • droopy eyelids
  • dysphagia
  • dilated/fixed pupils
  • extremely dry mouth
  • can progress to paralysis and respiratory weakness
43
Q

infants w/ botulism will present with what sx?

A
  • constipation
  • weak cry
  • poor feeding
  • poor muscle tone
  • “floppy baby” syndrome
44
Q

botulism dx

A
  • toxin bioassay
  • sometime EMG
  • toxin can be identified by: serum, stool, vomit, gastric aspirate, foods, wound culture
45
Q

botulism tx

A
  • botulinum antitoxin, heptavalent (HBAT) - > 1yo
  • supportive care
  • elimination
  • abx for wound
  • monitor
46
Q

therapeutic uses of botulism toxin

A
  • focal dystonias
  • spasticity
  • nondystonic disorders
  • strabismus
  • disorders of localized muscle spasms
  • smooth muscle hyperactive disorders
  • cosmetic
  • sweating

Infectious Disease (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions