Physiology Flashcards
Level at which the esophagus, the vena cava, and the aorta enter the diaphragm
- Vena cava: T8
- Esophagus (and vagus nerve): T10
- Aorta (and thoracic duct and azygos vein): T12
Parts of the respiratory tree that make up the conducting zone (anatomic dead space)
From nose to terminal bronchioles
Parts of the respiratory tree that make up the respiratory zone
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoli
Part of the respiratory tree that contributes the most to airway resistance
Smooth muscles in the bronchi
Aspiration of a foreign object in the upright position will go to which part of the respiratory tree
Posterior basal segment of the right lower lobe
Aspiration of a foreign object in the supine position will go to which part of the respiratory tree
Superior segment of the right lower lobe
Aspiration of a foreign object when lying on the right will go to which part of the respiratory tree
Right upper lobe
Aspiration of a foreign object when lying on the left will go to which part of the respiratory tree
Lingula
Part of the respiratory tree that has Goblet cells
Bronchi only
Part of the respiratory tree that has Clara cells
Terminal bronchioles
Cell type that serves as a stem cell for both ciliated cells and themselves
Clara cells
Formula for pressure inside the alveolus
Pressure = 2 x surface tension / radius
Lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio that indicates lung maturity
A ratio greater than 2
Formula for inspiratory capacity
Inspiratory reserve volumen + tidal volume
Formula for functional residual capacity
Expiratory reserve volumen + residual volume
Formula for vital capacity
Inspiratory reserve volumen + tidal volumen + expiratory reserve volume
Formula for physiologic dead space
VT x (PaCO2-PeCO2/PaCO2)
Formula for alveolar ventilation
VA = (VT-VD) x RR
Formula for minute ventilation
VE = VT x RR
Formula for pulmonary vascular resistance
(Pressure in the pulmonary artery - Pressure in the left atrium) / CO
Formula for oxygen content
(1.34 x Hb x saturation) + 0.003
Formula for alveolar pressure of oxygen
PAO2 = PiO2 - (PaCO2/R)
*R: 0.08 (CO2 produces/O2 consumed)
Lung capacity used as a marker for lung compliance
Functional residual capacity
Errors in the development of the lung during which stage can lead to tracheoesophageal fistula
Embryonic (weeks 4 to 7)
A fetus is capable of respiration at what developmental age
25 weeks
Developmental age at which pneumocytes start to appear
26 weeks
If therapeutic oxygen is given to a newborn with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, what complications can occur
- Retinopathy of prematurity
- Intraventricular hemorrhage
- Bronchopulmonary displasia
Part of the lung that is the largest contributor to alveolar dead space
Apex of healthy lung
Deficiency of which enzyme leads to congenital methemoglobinemia
Deficiency of glutathione b5 reductase
Formula for gas diffusion
Vgas = A x D x (P1-P2/T)
Hypoxemia in a child with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome increases the risk to develop what two pathologies
- Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
* Necrotizing enterocolitis
Point in pulmonary mechanics when resistance is the lowest
When functional residual capacity is reached (there is no active inspiration or expiration), because at this point the pressure in the airways is 0
Renal response to high altitude
Increased excretion of bicarbonate to compensate for respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory parameters that increase during exercise
- Ventilation (and therefore, the following)
- Respiratory rate
- Tidal volume
Best way to increase alveolar ventilation
Increase tidal volume
Why does PaO2 in the pulmonary veins and left heart decreases reaches a 100 mmHg, while in the alveolar capillaries the PaO2 reaches 104 mmHg
Because there is mixing of the alveolar capillary blood with deoxygenated blood from the bronchial veins
*Thebesian veins also contribute to this normal shunting
Blocking an airway would lead to the development of which zone below the level of occlusion
Zone 3
Formula for pressure of inspired oxygen
PIO2 = (Patm - 47) x 0.21
Part of the lung with the most compliant alveoli
The lung base
