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Respiratory Kaplan > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Level at which the esophagus, the vena cava, and the aorta enter the diaphragm

A
  • Vena cava: T8
  • Esophagus (and vagus nerve): T10
  • Aorta (and thoracic duct and azygos vein): T12
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2
Q

Parts of the respiratory tree that make up the conducting zone (anatomic dead space)

A

From nose to terminal bronchioles

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3
Q

Parts of the respiratory tree that make up the respiratory zone

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
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4
Q

Part of the respiratory tree that contributes the most to airway resistance

A

Smooth muscles in the bronchi

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5
Q

Aspiration of a foreign object in the upright position will go to which part of the respiratory tree

A

Posterior basal segment of the right lower lobe

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6
Q

Aspiration of a foreign object in the supine position will go to which part of the respiratory tree

A

Superior segment of the right lower lobe

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7
Q

Aspiration of a foreign object when lying on the right will go to which part of the respiratory tree

A

Right upper lobe

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8
Q

Aspiration of a foreign object when lying on the left will go to which part of the respiratory tree

A

Lingula

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9
Q

Part of the respiratory tree that has Goblet cells

A

Bronchi only

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10
Q

Part of the respiratory tree that has Clara cells

A

Terminal bronchioles

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11
Q

Cell type that serves as a stem cell for both ciliated cells and themselves

A

Clara cells

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12
Q

Formula for pressure inside the alveolus

A

Pressure = 2 x surface tension / radius

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13
Q

Lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio that indicates lung maturity

A

A ratio greater than 2

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14
Q

Formula for inspiratory capacity

A

Inspiratory reserve volumen + tidal volume

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15
Q

Formula for functional residual capacity

A

Expiratory reserve volumen + residual volume

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16
Q

Formula for vital capacity

A

Inspiratory reserve volumen + tidal volumen + expiratory reserve volume

17
Q

Formula for physiologic dead space

A

VT x (PaCO2-PeCO2/PaCO2)

18
Q

Formula for alveolar ventilation

A

VA = (VT-VD) x RR

19
Q

Formula for minute ventilation

A

VE = VT x RR

20
Q

Formula for pulmonary vascular resistance

A

(Pressure in the pulmonary artery - Pressure in the left atrium) / CO

21
Q

Formula for oxygen content

A

(1.34 x Hb x saturation) + 0.003

22
Q

Formula for alveolar pressure of oxygen

A

PAO2 = PiO2 - (PaCO2/R)

*R: 0.08 (CO2 produces/O2 consumed)

23
Q

Lung capacity used as a marker for lung compliance

A

Functional residual capacity

24
Q

Errors in the development of the lung during which stage can lead to tracheoesophageal fistula

A

Embryonic (weeks 4 to 7)

25
Q

A fetus is capable of respiration at what developmental age

A

25 weeks

26
Q

Developmental age at which pneumocytes start to appear

A

26 weeks

27
Q

If therapeutic oxygen is given to a newborn with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, what complications can occur

A
  • Retinopathy of prematurity
  • Intraventricular hemorrhage
  • Bronchopulmonary displasia
28
Q

Part of the lung that is the largest contributor to alveolar dead space

A

Apex of healthy lung

29
Q

Deficiency of which enzyme leads to congenital methemoglobinemia

A

Deficiency of glutathione b5 reductase

30
Q

Formula for gas diffusion

A

Vgas = A x D x (P1-P2/T)

31
Q

Hypoxemia in a child with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome increases the risk to develop what two pathologies

A
  • Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

* Necrotizing enterocolitis

32
Q

Point in pulmonary mechanics when resistance is the lowest

A

When functional residual capacity is reached (there is no active inspiration or expiration), because at this point the pressure in the airways is 0

33
Q

Renal response to high altitude

A

Increased excretion of bicarbonate to compensate for respiratory alkalosis

34
Q

Respiratory parameters that increase during exercise

A
  • Ventilation (and therefore, the following)
  • Respiratory rate
  • Tidal volume
35
Q

Best way to increase alveolar ventilation

A

Increase tidal volume

36
Q

Why does PaO2 in the pulmonary veins and left heart decreases reaches a 100 mmHg, while in the alveolar capillaries the PaO2 reaches 104 mmHg

A

Because there is mixing of the alveolar capillary blood with deoxygenated blood from the bronchial veins

*Thebesian veins also contribute to this normal shunting

37
Q

Blocking an airway would lead to the development of which zone below the level of occlusion

A

Zone 3

38
Q

Formula for pressure of inspired oxygen

A

PIO2 = (Patm - 47) x 0.21

39
Q

Part of the lung with the most compliant alveoli

A

The lung base

Respiratory Kaplan (3 decks)

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