Physiology

Question 1

Carotid Sinus Reflex results in what?

Answer 1

Carotid Sinus Reflex results in slowing of the heart.

Question 2

The primary cause of Carotid Sinus Reflex is what?

Answer 2

The primary cause of Carotid Sinus Reflex is from wearing a tight fitting hood or wetsuit constricting blood flow.

Question 3

When diving divers need to breath slowly and deeply to reduce the risk of what?

Answer 3

When diving divers need to breath slowly and deeply to reduce the risk of hypercapnia.

Question 4

A well maintained regulator can reduce the risk of what when breathing underwater?

Answer 4

A well maintained regulator can reduce the risk of hypercapnia when breathing underwater.

Question 5

Why is oxygen administered to divers suspected of having decompression illnesss?

Answer 5

Oxygen administered to divers suspected of having decompression illnesss because it lowers the partial pressure of nitrogen, which helps to safely accelerate the diffusion of nitrogen from the blood.

Question 6

After a dive, even though divers do not display any DCI signs or symptom, there are tiny nitrogen bubbles referred to as what?

Answer 6

After a dive, even though divers do not display any DCI signs or symptom, there are tiny nitrogen bubbles referred to as silent bubbles.

Question 7

What substance is contained within red blood cells that aids transportation of oxygen throughout the body?

Answer 7

The substance contained within red blood cells that aids transportation of oxygen throughout the body is hemoglobin.

Question 8

Air bubbles blocking blood flow would would result in what type of lung over expansion injury?

Answer 8

Air bubbles blocking blood flow would would result in an Air Embolism.

Question 9

What can an Air Embolism lung over expansion injury result in?

Answer 9

An Air Embolism lung over expansion injury can result in stroke and possibly death.

Question 10

Divers having difficulty equlaising while descending, who forcefully blow against a pinched nose, have a high risk of what?

Answer 10

Divers having difficulty equalising while descending, who forcefully blow against a pinched nose, have a high risk of rupturing their ears round window.

Question 11

If a diver has a rapid pulse, hot dry skin and is not sweaitng, what are they suffering from?

Answer 11

If a diver has a rapid pulse, hot dry skin and is not sweaitng, they are suffering heat stroke.

Question 12

What are the signs and symptoms of advanced hypothermia?

Answer 12

The signs and symptoms of advanced hypothermia are no shivering, drowsiness, lack of coordination and possible coma.

Question 13

Where does gas exchange between the tissues and the blood occur?

Answer 13

Gas exchange between the tissues and the blood occurs in the capillaries.

Question 14

What gas bonds to hemoglobin over 200 times better than oxygen?

Answer 14

Carbon Monoxide bonds to hemoglobin over 200 times better than oxygen.

Question 15

What makes Carbon Monoxide a dangerous gas?

Answer 15

Carbon Monoxide bonds with hemoglobin over 200 times better than oxygen which reduces the amount of oxgyen in the blood.

Question 16

How can a diver avoid problems with dead air space?

Answer 16

A diver can avoid problems with dead air space by breathing slowly with deep, normal breaths.

Question 17

An enriched air diver runs the risk convulsion and drowning due to CNS oxygen if the exceed an oxygen partial pressure of what?

Answer 17

An enriched air diver runs the risk convulsion and drowning due to CNS oxygen if the exceed an oxygen partial pressure of 1.4Pp02 - 1.6Pp02.

Question 18

What is the blanket term for Decompression Sickness (DCS) and Lung Expnasion Injury?

Answer 18

The blanket term for Decompression Sickness (DCS) and Lung Expnasion Injury is Decompression Illness (DCI).

Question 19

Failure to equalise an ear air space will result in what injury?

Answer 19

Failure to equalise an ear air space will result in Barotrauma.

Question 20

How does an Air Embolism form?

Answer 20

An Air Embolism forms when air from a lung overexpansion injury enters the bloodstream and causes a bloke.

Question 21

What are silent bubbles?

Answer 21

Silent bubbles are small bubbles in the bloodstream after a dive that do not cause decompression sickness.

Question 22

What can a forceful valsalva manoeuver cause?

Answer 22

A forceful valsalva manoeuver can cause a round window rupture in the ear.

Question 23

What is recommended for DCS first aid and why?

Answer 23

Oxygen is recommended for DCS first aid because it accelerates nitrogen elimination and raises blood oxygen levels.

Question 24

Heache, confusion, nausea, bright red lips and nails are signs and symptons of what?

Answer 24

Heache, confusion, nausea, bright red lips and nails are signs and symptons of carbon monoxide poisoning.

Question 25

**_If a diver shows signs of heat exhaustion, what should be done?_**

Answer 25

If a diver shows signs of heat exhaustion, **_remove the exposure suit, put in cool environment and drink fluids._**

Question 26

**_What is a pneumothorax lung over expansion injury result in?_**

Answer 26

A pneumothorax lung over expansion injury results in **_a collapsed lung._**

Question 27

**_An Air Embolism, Pneumothorax and Mediastinal Emphysema lung over expansion injuries all need to be treated how?_**

Answer 27

An Air Embolism, Pneumothorax and Mediastinal Emphysema lung over expansion injuries all need to be treated **_with emergency oxygen and recompression theropy._**

Question 28

**_When may alcohol consumption predispose a diver to DCS?_**

Answer 28

Alcohol consumption may predispose a diver to DCS **_when consumed before and after a dive._**

Question 29

**_If a diver ruptures their ear drum what symptom may the diver experience?_**

Answer 29

If a diver ruptures their ear drum, **_they may experience vertigo due to cold water in the vestibular canals._**

Question 30

**_Excessive breathing resistance in diving due to improperly maintained regulators can result in what?_**

Answer 30

Excessive breathing resistance in diving due to improperly maintained regulators can result in **_hypercapnia._**

Question 31

**_In addition to breath holding, which of the following factors may cause lung overexpansion injury in scuba diving?_**

Answer 31

In addition to breath holding, **_obstruction in the airways of the lungs_** may cause lung overexpansion injury in scuba diving.

Question 32

**_Oxygen is used during the treatment of decompression sickness in order to do what?_**

Answer 32

Oxygen is used during the treatment of decompression sickness in order to **_help flush excess nitrogen from the body._**

Question 33

Servere dizziness following a ruptured eardrum is usually caused by what?

Answer 33

Servere dizziness following a ruptured eardrum is usually caused by **_cold water in the middle ear._**

Question 34

**_What condition can cause unconsciousness caused by an exposure suit that fits too tightly around the neck?_**

Answer 34

**_Carotrid Sinus Reflex_** can cause unconsciousness caused by an exposure suit that fits too tightly around the neck.

Question 35

**_Other than breathing from a contaminated air source, a primary means of increasing a divers carbon monoxide level is what?_**

Answer 35

Other than breathing from a contaminated air source, a primary means of increasing a divers carbon monoxide level is **_smoking cigarettes prior to diving._**

Question 36

**_The Eustachain tubes lead to what part of the ear that enables it to equalise with the ambient pressure?_**

Answer 36

The Eustachain tubes lead to **_the middle ear_** that enables it to equalise with the ambient pressure.

Question 37

**_The organs that are responsible for the sense of balance are located in what part of the ear?_**

Answer 37

The organs that are responsible for the sense of balance are located in **_the inner ear._**

Question 38

**_With decompression illness, what signs and symptoms are quicker to occur?_**

Answer 38

With decompression illness, **_lung over expansion injury usually is quicker to occur_** than decompression sickness.

Question 39

**_Altering the metabolism blood circulation is thought to increase what?_**

Answer 39

Altering the metabolism blood circulation is thought to increase **_the susceptibility to decompression sickness._**

Question 40

**_What is the Doppler Detector used for?_**

Answer 40

The Doppler Detector is used to **_listen for tiny silent bubbles_** which can even be heard in divers who do not develop signs and symptoms of decompression sickness.

Question 41

**_What component of blood is primarily responsible for the transportation of blood?_**

Answer 41

**_Hemoglobin_** is primarily responsible for the transportation of blood?

Question 42

**_Upon ascent, breathing at a decreasing atmospheric pressure can result in what?_**

Answer 42

Upon ascent, breathing at a decreasing atmospheric pressure can result in **_decompression illness._**

Question 43

**_The best methods to reduce breathing resistance and maximize the elimination of carbon dioxide is what?_**

Answer 43

The best methods to reduce breathing resistance and maximize the elimination of carbon dioxide is **_breathing slowly and deeply, avoiding overexertion and use well maintained equipment._**

Question 44

**_Divers should not equlise their ears by a forceful valsalva maneuver primarily to avoid which condition?_**

Answer 44

Divers should not equlise their ears by a forceful valsalva maneuver primarily to avoid **_a round ear rupture._**

Question 45

**_Impaired judgement, reduced motor coordination and euphoria are signs and symptoms of what?_**

Answer 45

Impaired judgement, reduced motor coordination and euphoria are signs and symptoms of **_nitrogen narcosis._**

Question 46

**_Can oxygen toxicity occur in recreational diving to a maximum of 40metres on 21% oxygen?_**

Answer 46

**_Oxygen toxicity won't occur_** in recreational diving to a maximum of 40metres on 21% oxygen?

Question 47

Type 1 DCS, Type 2 DCS, AGE should all be treated with what?

Answer 47

Type 1 DCS, Type 2 DCS, AGE should all be treated with **_emergency oxygen (preferably 100%)._**

Question 48

**_What is Thoracic Squeeze and when does it occur?_**

Answer 48

Thoracic Spueeze is **_compression of the lungs and thoracic (chest) cavity_** that occurs during a breath-holding. **_During the descent_**, an increase in pressure causes air spaces and gas pockets within the body to compress.

Question 49

**_The volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, either because it remains in the airways, or does not reach the alveoli is called what?_**

Answer 49

The volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, either because it remains in the airways, or does not reach the alveoli is called **_dead air space._**

Question 50

**_What is the difference between Hypoxia and Hyperoxia?_**

Answer 50

The difference between is: Hypoxia describes **_breathing oxygen levels lower than 21%,_** which may cause confusion, slow response and unconsciousness. Hyperoxia describes **_breathing oxygen levels higher than 21%,_** which may cause Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity (CNS OxTox), resulting in an epileptic seizure.