Physics

Question 1

The bending of light as light goes from one medium to another is called what?

Answer 1

The bending of light as light goes from one medium to another is called refraction.

Question 2

Do objects in water appear closer, or farther away than they really are and by how far?

Answer 2

Objects in water appear closer, due to refraction.

Objects appear 25% closer.

Question 3

What is the magnification of an object underwater?

Answer 3

The magnification of an object underwater is 33%.

So if you think you see a 4m long shark, it’s really 3m long.

Question 4

Do objects look 25% closer underwater or 33% closer underwater?

Answer 4

Objects look 25% closer and 33% larger underwater.

Question 5

What is visual reversal?

Answer 5

Visual reversal is when things appear further away than they really are.

Turbidity is the most important factor affecting visual reversal.

Question 6

Do objects in cloudy water look further away or closer than they really are?

Answer 6

Objects in cloudy water look further away due to visual reversal.

Question 7

What is gauge pressure?

Answer 7

Gauge pressure is the pressure of the water without the 1 atmosphere of surface presure.

10 m = 1 atmosphere gauge.

Think about how your guages (computer) depth “guage” reads presure.

Question 8

What is absolute pressure?

Answer 8

Absolute pressure is 1 atmosphere at sea level + 1 x the hydrostatic pressure of the water column surrounding you.

10 m = 2 atmospheres absolute = 2 ATA.

Question 9

What does the abbreviation ATA mean?

Answer 9

The abbreviation ATA means Atmospheres Absolute.

Question 10

What is ambient pressure?

Answer 10

Ambient pressure is the surrounding pressure

= ambient or absolute pressure.

Question 11

Two of these are the same.

Ambient Pressure; Gauge Pressure; Absolute Pressure.

Which ones?

Answer 11

Two of these are the same.

Ambient = Absolute.

Remember, they both begin with the letter A.

Question 12

The Greek mathematician Archimedes determined that ‘An object wholly or partially immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object’.

An object that weighs less than the water it displaces will do what?

Answer 12

An object that weighs less than the water it displaces will float and is positively buoyant.

It’s buoyancy is expressed as a positive number, such as being 2 kgs positive. An object that weighs exactly the same as the water it displaces and neither sinks nor floats is neutrally buoyant.

Question 13

Because a divers lung volume must remain constant regardless of the depth at which he/she breaths, would the density of the air in the divers lungs change as he/she changes depth?

Answer 13

The density of the air in the divers lungs won’t change at depth.

When we breathe, we must breathe a “full” breath regardless of the pressure surrounding us. And, to be able to breathe, the external pressure must be equal to the air we are breathing.

The effect is caused by the difference between the surface air pressure and the water pressure surrounding your chest.

Question 14

Which law dictates this?

“If the pressure increases (gets more), the more gas will be dissolved (go into) the liquid (on gassing) and If pressure (depth) decreases on a liquid, dissolved gases come out of solution (off gassing)”.

Answer 14

Henry’s Law dictates that,

“If the pressure increases (gets more), the more gas will be dissolved (go into) the liquid (on gassing) and If pressure (depth) decreases on a liquid, dissolved gases come out of solution (off gassing)”.

Question 15

Which law deals with the relationship between pressure and volume?

It states that for a fixed quantity of gas (at constant temperature) and the volume of the gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of the gas.

Answer 15

Boyles Law deals with the relationship between pressure and volume.

It states that for a fixed quantity of gas (at constant temperature) and the volume of the gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of the gas.

Question 16

Which law says that at 10metres the pressure is 2 ATA?

Answer 16

Boyle’s Law says that at 10metres the pressure is 2 ATA.

Question 17

What is gas tension? ​

Answer 17

Gas tension is the pressure exerted by gasses dissolved in a liquid.

The more gas that is dissolved in a liquid, the greater the gas tension.

Question 18

What is supersaturation?

Answer 18

Supersaturation is when gas is dissolved in a liquid at equilibrium, then surface pressure is reduced, (ascent) gas tension becomes higher than the surface tension, and the gas comes out of solution.

Question 19

What is conduction?

Answer 19

Conduction is the transmission of heat by direct contact.

Question 20

What is the transmission of heat energy by fluids called?

Answer 20

The transmission of heat energy by fluids called convection.

Question 21

What are the three ways heat is transmitted?

Answer 21

The three ways heat is transmitted are radiation, convection, and conduction.

Question 22

Which of the three ways heat is transmitted is most important to diving?

Radiation, convection or conduction.

Answer 22

The most important way heat is transmitted in diving is conduction.

Radiation and convection are relatively unimportant to divers.

Question 23

What is conducted 20 times faster in water than in air?

Answer 23

Heat is conducted 20 times faster in water than in air.

Question 24

What travels 4 times faster in water, than in air?

Answer 24

Sound travels 4 times faster in water, than in air.

It is denser than air helping sound travel and always sounds as if it is coming from above you (overhead).

Question 25

**_How many metres of seawater adds one atmosphere of pressure?_**

Answer 25

**_10metres_** of seawater adds one atmosphere of pressure. 0m = 1ATM 10m = 2ATA 20m =3ATA

Question 26

**_How many meters of fresh water adds one atmosphere of pressure_**?

Answer 26

**_10.3meters_** of fresh water adds one atmosphere of pressure? 0m = 1ATM 10. 3m = 2ATA 20. 6m =3ATA

Question 27

**_Diving 10meters adds one atmosphere of pressure in which body of water?_** Seawater or fresh water.

Answer 27

Diving 10meters adds one atmosphere of pressure in **_s_****_eawater_.**

Question 28

**_Why is water able to conduct heat more efficiently than air?_**

Answer 28

Water able to conduct heat more efficiently than air **_because water is more dense than air._**

Question 29

**_1lt of fresh water = how many kg?_**

Answer 29

1lt of fresh water = **_1kg_**

Question 30

**_1 lt of salt water = how many kg?_**

Answer 30

1lt of salt water = **_1.03kg_**

Question 31

If a diver’s air consumption rate is 2 bar/min at the surface. **_What will the diver's air consumption be at 30m, and what will the density be?_**

Answer 31

If a diver’s air consumption rate is 2 bar/min at the surface. The diver's air consumption be at 30m will be 3atm + 1 atm at the surface = 4atm **(therefore 4 times as dense).** 4 x 2 bar/min. = **_8 bar/min_** at 30m.

Question 32

**_If you have air mix of 1% CO2, 79% N2 and 20% O2, what will the Pp (partial pressure) of ​N2 at 40metres?_**

Answer 32

If you have an air mix of 1% CO2, 79% N2 and 20% O2, the Pp (partial pressure) of N2 at 40metres will be **_Pp3.95N2._** 40m = 5ATA 5 x Pp0.79N2 = Pp3.95N2

Question 33

**_If an air mix has 0.5% carbon monoxide in it, breathing it at 40metres would be the equivalent of breathing what percent at the surface?_**

Answer 33

If an air mix has 0.5% carbon monoxide in it, breathing it at 40metres would be the equivalent of breathing **_2.5%_** carbon monoxide at the surface. 40m = 5ATA 5 x 0.5% = 2.5%

Question 34

**_Why do divers have trouble determining the origin of sound underwater?_**

Answer 34

Divers have trouble determining the origin of sound underwater **_because there is an insuficient delay between the sound striking each ear._**

Question 35

**_If you take a container filled with air up from depth, what will happen to the volume?_**

Answer 35

If you take a container filled with air up from depth, the volume will **_increase (get bigger)_** and the air will become less dense (less pressure).

Question 36

**_Whose law is associated to decompression sickness (DCS), the build up of nitrogen bubbles in the body?_**

Answer 36

**_Henry's Law_** is associated to decompression sickness (DCS), the build up of nitrogen bubbles in the body? If you shake a Coca-Cola bottle, you’re building up pressure inside the bottle, forcing gas into the cola (solution) . When you slowly open the bottle you decrease the pressure (like when you ascend) and all the gas comes out of the cola (solution).

Question 37

**_If you take a container filled with air down to depth, the volume will do what?_**

Answer 37

If you take a container filled with air down to depth, the volume will **_decrease (get less)._** When taken down You divide (/) the volume by the atmospheric presure. As the pressure surrounding an object increases (gets more) the volume will decrease (get less) and the density will increase (get more)

Question 38

**_Arrange the list of colors by the order that they disappear as you descend:_** Yellow Blue Red Violet Green Orange

Answer 38

The list of colors by the order that they disappear as you descend: ## Footnote **_Red_** **_Orange_** **_Yellow_** **_Green_** **_Blue_** **_Violet_**

Question 39

**_What is Dalton's Law?_**

Answer 39

Dalton's Law is **_the relationship of pressure & partial pressure of gases_** such as Oxygen, Helium, Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide. The sum of gases will always equal a whole (100%) As the pressure increases, the partial pressure (not the percentage) will increase.

Question 40

**_How many times more is the air that a diver breathes from a scuba cylinder at 50metres of seawater as the air breathed from the same cylinder at the surface?_**

Answer 40

The air that a diver breathes from a scuba cylinder at 50metres of seawater is **_6 times as dense_** as the air breathed from the same cylinder at the surface. 50m = 5 ATA+1 ATM from the surface = 6 ATA so 6 times as dense.

Question 41

**_If it takes a diver 40minutes to breathe all the air from a scuba tank at the 20metres approximately how long will the air in that tank last at 30 metres?_**

Answer 41

If it takes a diver 40minutes to breathe all the air from a scuba tank at the 20metres, it would take **_approximately 30minutes_** for the air in that tank last at 30metres? 20metres = 3ATM 3ATM x 40minutes = 120minutes (surface time) 30metres = 4ATM 4ATM / 120 minutes = **_30 minutes_** * If you're going up x* * If you're going down /*

Question 42

A balloon is filled with 60litres of air at 30metres in seawater. **_What will be the approximate volume of the balloon be, if it is taken to a depth of 90metres?_**

Answer 42

A balloon is filled with 60litres of air at 30meters in seawater. The approximate volume of the balloon if it is taken to a depth of 90metres, will be **_24litres._** 30metres = 4ATM 60litres x 4ATM = 240litres (surface volume) 90metres = 10ATM 240litres / 10ATM = **_24 litres_**

Question 43

A scuba cylinder (non flexible container) is filled to capacity at room temperature. **_What would happen to that cylinder if it was taken on an ice dive?_**

Answer 43

A scuba cylinder (non flexible container) is filled to capacity at room temperature. **_The volume of the cylinder would remain unchanged, but the pressure would decrease._** Charles Law.

Question 44

A scuba cylinder containing 1% carbon dioxide at the surface is taken down to a depth of 30meters. **_What is the percentage of carbon dioxide in the cylinder at this depth?_**

Answer 44

A scuba cylinder containing 1% carbon dioxide at the surface is taken down to a depth of 30meters. The percentage of carbon dioxide in the cylinder at this depth is **_1% because percentage does not change._** Don't get confused with partial pressure.

Question 45

**_Because our bodies tissues cannot hold any more gas pressure at sea level, what is our body is referred to as being?_**

Answer 45

Because our bodies tissues cannot hold any more gas pressure at sea level, our body is referred to as being **_saturated._**

Question 46

**_Approximately how much air must be added to a lifting device to bring a 600 kilogram object to the surface,if the object lies in 30 metres of freshwater?_**

Answer 46

Approximately how much air must be added to a lifting device to bring a 600 kilogram object to the surface,if the object lies in 30 metres of freshwater? **_The answer cannot be determined from the data provided._** You need to know the displacement (upward force).

Question 47

A 500kilogram anchor that displaces 300 litres of water lies on the bottom in 40 metres of sea water. **_What is the minimum amount of water that must be displaced from a lifting device to bring the anchor to the surface?_**

Answer 47

A 500kilogram anchor that displaces 300 litres of water lies on the bottom in 40 metres of sea water. The minimum amount of water that must be displaced from a lifting device to bring the anchor to the surface is **_approximatley 185litres._** 500kg = downward force 300litres = each litre of displacement represents 1.03kg/litre of upward force. (1.03 for sea water) 1.03kg x 300litres = 309kg (buoyant force) 500kg - 309kg = 191 kg (downward force) 191kg / 1.03kg = 185.4litres Remember, the depth doesnt matter because water is not compresable so just, Multiply, Subtract and Divide.

Question 48

**_What is Charles' Law?_**

Answer 48

Charles' Law is **_the relationship of temperature & pressure._** As the temperature increases the volume of a flexible container will increase, but the density (pressure) inside a non-flexible container (scuba cylinder) will increase.

Question 49

**_Would the gauge pressure for a given depth in salt water be different in the same depth of fresh water?_**

Answer 49

The gauge pressure for a given depth in salt water would be **_greater than_** the guage pressure in the same depth of fresh water. 10metres (SEA WATER) = 1 BAR (e.g. 34metres = 3.4BAR gauge pressure) 34metres / 10metres = 3.4 10.3metres (FRESH WATER) = 1 BAR (e.g. 34metres = 3.3BAR gauge pressure) 34metres / 10.3metres = 3.3

Question 50

**_If a diver breathes a complete cylinder of air in 70minutes at the surface, how long would it take to breathe the whole cylinder at 25metres?_**

Answer 50

If a diver breathes a complete cylinder of air in 70minutes at the surface, it would take the diver **_20minutes_** to breathe the whole cylinder at 25metres? 20minutes. 25m = 3.5ATM 70minutes / 3.5ATM = **_20minutes._**