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USMLE STEP 1 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Glucose transport for fat, skeletal muscle

A

GLUT 4

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2
Q

In osmosis the water goes…

A

Higher to lower concentration

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3
Q

The water diffuses

A

Towards the higher osmolarity

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4
Q

Content of Basic metabolic panel

A 
Sodium
Potassium 
Chloride
Bicarbonate 
BUN
Creatinin
Glucose
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5
Q

Osmolar gap

A

Difference between measured and estimated osmolarity

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6
Q

Estimated osmolarity equation

A

2Na + Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8

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7
Q

Normal range osmolarity

A

290

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8
Q

Causes of increased osmolar gap

A

Ethanol, methanol, mannitol

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9
Q

Hormones in volume regulation

A

Aldosterone

ADH

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10
Q

Renin regulating factors

A

Perfusion pressure to kidney
Sympathetic stimulation to kidney
Sodium delivery to the macula densa

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11
Q

Aldosterone regulating factors

A

Angiotensin II

Plasma potassium

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12
Q

Aldosterone function

A

Sodium retention

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13
Q

ADH regulating factors

A

Plasma osmolarity

Blood volume/pressure

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14
Q

ADH function

A

Water retention

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15
Q

First sign of cardiogenic pulmonary edema

A

Orthopnea

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16
Q

Signs of non cardiogenic pulmonary edema

A

Severe dyspnea of rapid inset, hypoxemia, respiratory failure

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17
Q

NMDA is important for

A

Memory and transducing

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18
Q

Blocks NMDA channel

A

PCP

Ketamine

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19
Q

Depolarization

A

Membrane potential moves toward 0

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20
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Membrane potential becomes more negative

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21
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Depolarizers

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22
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Hyperpolarizes

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23
Q

Blocks Na/K ATPase

A

Digoxin

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24
Q

Blocks fast sodium channel

A

Extracelular Calcium
Lidocaine
Tedrotoxin/ batrachrotoxin

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25
Q

Low extracelular calcium

A

Hyperexcitable

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26
Q

High extracelular calcium

A

Hypoexcitable

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27
Q

Key ion in action potential

A

K

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28
Q

Blocks K channels cause

A

Delay repolarization

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29
Q

Who blocks K channels

A

4 aminopyridine

3,4 diaminopyridine

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30
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Second potential can’t be produced

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31
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Second AP can be produced if a strong enough stimulus is provided

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32
Q

Primary factors of conduction velocity

A

Cell diameter

Myelination

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33
Q

If block Acetylcholinesterase

A

Sustained depolarization

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34
Q

Non depolarizing nicotinic blockers

A

Rocuronium

Atracuronium

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35
Q

Depolarizing nicotinic blocker

A

Succinylcholine

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36
Q

Autonomic ganglia nicotinic blockers

A

Hexamethonium

Mecamylomine

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37
Q

Muscarinic antagonist

A

Atropine

Scopolamine

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38
Q

Muscarinic agonist

A

Bethanechol

Pilocarpine

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39
Q

Excitatory receptors

A

Nicotinic
Non NMDA
NMDA

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40
Q

Inhibitory receptors

A

GABA

Glycine

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41
Q

Who interacts with GABA

A

Benzodiazepine

Barbiturates

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42
Q

Where glycine receptors are found

A

Spinal cords

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43
Q

Who blocks glycine receptors

A

Tetanus toxin

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44
Q 
Weakness
Ataxia 
Hyporreflexia
Paralysis 
Sensory deficits
A

Hypo excitability

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45
Q

Lambert-Eaton

A

pre synaptic Ca block (antibody)

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46
Q

Lambert-Eaton treatment

A

3,4diaminopyridine

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47
Q 
Hyperreflexia
Spasms
Fasciculations 
Tetany
Tremors
Paresthesias 
Convulsions
A

Hyper excitability

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48
Q

Organophosphates

A

Blocks AchE

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49
Q

EKG alteration in delay depolarization

A

Long QT

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50
Q

QRS phase

A

0

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51
Q

Phase 0

A

Opens fast Na

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52
Q

Class I anti arrythmics

A

1A: quinidine, procainamine
1B: lidocaine, mexiletine, tocainide
1C: flecainide

53
Q

Phase 1

A

Inactivation sodium channel

54
Q

ST segment phase

A

2

55
Q

T wave phase

A

3

56
Q

Blocks fast Na channels

A

Class I anti arrythmics

57
Q

Phase 2

A

Opens Ca channel

58
Q

Phase 3

A

Repolarization

Ca channels close

59
Q

Class III anti arrythmics

A

Amiodarone

Sotalol

60
Q

Class III anti arrythmics interfere in which phase

A

3

61
Q

Phase 4

A

Rest

Ik1 opens

62
Q

Delays in repolarization causes

A

Torsades de pointes

63
Q

Class II anti arrythmics

A

Propanolol

Esmolol

64
Q

Class IV anti arrythmics

A

Verapamil

Diltiazem

65
Q

Sympathetic effects

A

Increase cAMP

Open Ca channels

66
Q

Parasympathetic effects

A

Decrease cAMP

Opens K channels

67
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

68
Q

PR segment

A

AV node delay

69
Q

QRS

A

Ventricular depolarization

70
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

71
Q

Each small box in EKG

A

0,04 s

0,5 mV

72
Q

Each big box in EKG

A

0,2s

73
Q

EKG

A
  1. Rhythm
  2. Heart rate
  3. Quantitate PR interval
  4. Mean electrical axis (MEA)
74
Q

Left axis deviation

A

Enlargement of left ventricle

75
Q

Right axis deviation

A

Enlargement of right ventricle (pulmonary stenosis)

76
Q

Enlargement of PR interval

A

First degree heart block

77
Q

Progressive prolongation of PR until ventricular beat is missed

A

Mobitz I

Wenkbach

78
Q

Unsteady rhythm

PR interval fixed

A

Mobitz II

79
Q

Steady rhythm
Show heart rate
Complete dissociation between P wave and QRS

A

Third degree heart block

80
Q

Steady rhythm

Saw tooth

A

Atrial flutter

81
Q

Unsteady rhythm

No P wave

A

Atrial fibrillation

82
Q

Short PR interval

A

Delta wave

83
Q

Delta wave

A

Wolf parkinson white

84
Q

Normal PR interval

A

3-5 boxes

0,12-0,2s

85
Q

ST elevation

A

Transmural infarction

Prinzmetal angina

86
Q

ST depression

A

Subendocardial ischemia

Classic angina

87
Q

Hyperkalemia in EKG

A

spike T waves

Short QT

88
Q

Hypokalemia EKG

A 
U wave (after T wave)
Long QT
89
Q

Covers binding sites of sarcomere

A

Tropomyosin

90
Q

Binding site for myosin

A

Actin

91
Q

McArdle (type V)

A

Glycogen phosphorylase enzyme deficiency

Can’t generated sufficient ATP

92
Q

ATPase that pumps Ca from cytosol to SR

A

SERCA

93
Q

What can cause malignant hyperthermia

A

Succinylcholine

Halothane

94
Q

What is malignat hyperthermia

A

Genetic disorder in ryanodine

95
Q

Treatment of malignant hyperthermia

A

Dantrolene

96
Q

Motor unit

A

Alfa motor neuron + fibers innervated

97
Q

Dysfunction in titin can lead to

A

Cardiomyopathy

98
Q

Skeletal preload

A

Load before contraction

99
Q

Skeletal preload generates

A

Passive tension

100
Q

More force than after load

A

Isotonic contraction

101
Q

Unable to generates more force than afterload

A

Isometric contraction

102
Q

Passive tension is produced by

A

Preload

103
Q

Where we find white muscle

A

Ocular, leg muscle of sprinter

104
Q

Where we find red muscle

A

Postural

105
Q

Red muscle is good at

A

Endurance

106
Q

How to stop a contraction

A

Block

  • AP in motor neuron
  • transmitter release
  • nicotinic receptor
  • Ca efflux from SR
107
Q

Increase heart contractility

A

NE/E
Beta 1 agonist (dobutamine, isoproterenol
Inotrops (digoxin)

108
Q

Normal ejection fraction

A

> 55%

109
Q

What increase afterload

A

Hypertension
Systemic vascular resistance
Aortic stenosis

110
Q

What decrease the preload

A

Hemorrhage, dehydration, nitroglicerin, standing upright p

111
Q

Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy

A 
Idiopathic
Alcohol 
Cocaine 
Chagas
Wet Beriberi
Pregnancy
112
Q

Causes of restricted cardiomyopathy

A 
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Hemochromatosis 
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Hypereosinophilic disease
113
Q

What can cause sudden death in young athletes

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

114
Q

Which drugs cause vasoconstriction

A

Alfa 1 agonists
NE releasers
Reuptake inhibitors

115
Q

Alfa 1 agonists

A

Phenylephrine

Methoxamine

116
Q

NE releasers

A

Tyramine
Amphetamines
Ephedrine

117
Q

Reuptake inhibitors

A

Cocaine

Tricyclic antidepressives

118
Q

Which drugs cause vasodilatation

A 
NO 
Alfa blockers
Alfa 1 blockers 
Ca blockers 
K channels
119
Q

NO

A

Hydralazine

Nitroprusside

120
Q

Alfa blockers

A

Phentolamine

Phenoxybenzamine

121
Q

Alfa 1 blockers

A

Prazosin

Terazosin

122
Q

Ca blockers

A

Nifedipine
Nicardipine
Amlodipine

123
Q

K channel blockers

A

Minoxidil

Diazoxide

124
Q

4 factors that determine cardiac output

A

Heart rate
Contractility
afterload
Preload

125
Q

Where are the temperature sensors

A

Anterior hypothalamus

126
Q

4 phases of cardiac cycle

A

Isovolumetric contraction
Ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation
Filling

127
Q

Dicrotic notch

A

Closure of the aortic valve

128
Q

S1

A

Closing of AV valves

129
Q

S2

A

Closing of aortic pulmonic valves

USMLE STEP 1 (3 decks)

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