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PADI > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an inert gas?

A

A gas the body doesn’t use

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2
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the heart

A

Flows from vena cava into right atrium
Flows from right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary artery
Becomes oxygenated and flows to left atrium via pulmonary vein
Flows from left ventricle to body via aorta

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3
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

When the pressure increases, more gas will dissolve into liquid
If the pressure is decreased, gas will come out of the liquid

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4
Q

What factors contribute to DCS?

A 
Age
Fat (slow tissue) 
Alcohol
Dehydration 
Injuries/ illness 
Heavy exercise 
CO2 build up (skip breathing) 
Cold water
Flying
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5
Q

Type 1 DCS

A

Pain only - limbs/ joints/ skin rashes

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6
Q

Type 2 DCS

A

Identified as having life threatening symptoms involving brain, nervous system and lungs
Numbness, paralysis, weakness, nausea, unconsciousness

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7
Q

First aid for DCS

A

Give O2 (lowers alveolar nitrogen + raises blood O2 to help with blood flow to tissues blocked by bubble)
Lie in recovery position on left side (keeps blood flow to brain and helps keep airway clear)
Call emergency services

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8
Q

How are lung over expansion injuries caused?

A

Holding breath during ascent
Diving with a cold
Blockage of lungs due to surfactant (excessive smoking)
Expanding air over inflates lungs causing rupture

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9
Q

What is an AGE?

A

Arterial gas embolism
Air enters bloodstream, can flow through carotid arteries and cause cerebral air embolism
S+S similar to stroke

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10
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air from rupture goes between lung and chest
Causes lung to collapse
Causes pain and SOB, haemoptysis

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11
Q

What is a mediastinal emphysema?

A

Air from rupture accumulates in chest over heart

Central chest pain, SOB

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12
Q

What is a subcutaneous emphysema?

A

Air from rupture accumulates in soft tissue in neck

Feeling of fullness in neck, voice change, crackly skin

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13
Q

Treatment for overexpansion injuries

A

O2, recompression chamber

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14
Q

DCS vs DCI

A

DCS - nitrogen coming out of body too fast

DCI - DCS plus over expansion injuries

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15
Q

What are silent bubbles?

A

Some nitrogen forms v small bubbles in pockets in the body but then dissolve into air - harmless

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16
Q

What is apnea?

A

Breath holding

17
Q

What is the carotid sinus reflex?

A

Carotid sinus receptors monitor pressure of arterial blood

Tight neck seal can imitate high blood pressure, causing bradycardia

18
Q

What is hypocapnia?

A

Caused by hyperventilation

19
Q

S+S of CO poisoning?

A

Headache
Confusion
Narrow vision
Cherry red lips

20
Q

O2 toxicity symptoms

A

Tinnitus
Visual disturbances
Tingling
Seizures

21
Q

Pulmonary toxicity

A

Caused by prolonged exposure to elevated O2

Burning chest pain and irritated cough

22
Q

Ear anatomy

A

Ossicles connect to cochlea at oval window, which flexes with vibrations
Round window on cochlea flexes the opposite way to the oval window to compensate

23
Q

How do the ears react to pressure?

A

During descent, pressure increases on ear drum
Diver equalises by forcing air up the Eustachian tube into middle ear
Expanding air exits through Eustachian tube on ascent

24
Q

What is barotrauma?

A

Injury due to increasing pressure in body space

25
Q

What is middle ear squeeze?

A

Failure to equalise (potentially due to congestion)

26
Q

What causes vertigo after ear drum rupture?

A

Cold water on the vestibular canals

27
Q

What is reverse squeeze?

A

Ear equalises on descent but congestion forms so cannot equalise on ascent causing ear drum to flex outwards
Usually caused by decongestants wearing off

28
Q

What is a round window rupture?

A

Caused by delayed equalisation followed by forceful valsalva movement (increases thoracic and cochlea pressure causing rupture)

29
Q

Heat exhaustion S&S?

A 
Weak rapid breathing 
Weak rapid pulse
Cool clammy skin 
Profuse sweating
Nausea
Dehydration 
When body is working to reduce temperature
30
Q

What is heat stroke?

A

Cooling has failed
Pulse strong and rapid
No sweating
Skin flushed and hot to touch

31
Q

Describe the path of the coronary arteries

A

Left and right branch off aorta

Split into anterior descending and circumflex arteries

32
Q

What are the papillary muscles?

A

Attach to lower portion of interior wall of ventricles
Connect to the chorda tendinae which attaches to tricuspid valve in right ventricle and mitral valve in left ventricle
Contraction of papillary muscles causes opening of mitral and tricuspid valves

33
Q

Valves of the heart

A

Tricuspid valve separates RA and RV
Pulmonary valve separates RV and pulmonary artery
Mitral valve separates LA and LV
Aortic valve separates LV and aorta

PADI (5 decks)

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