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Reproductive system > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of 5 alpha reductase?

application drug?

A

Converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Finasteride is an inhibitor of this enzyme

  • used to treat BPH
  • hair loss
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2
Q

What is the function of DHT?

A

Formation of external male genitalia
Enlargement of prostate at puberty and beyond
Anterolateral recession of hairline

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3
Q

What is the function of aromatase?

A

Conversion of androgens to oestrogen (in adipose tissue)

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4
Q

What enzyme is deficiennt in congenital renal hyperplasia?

A

21 beta-hydroxylase

Lead to decreased cortisol production. Hence ACTH increases leading to hyperplasia.

Also, increase in androgen production.

Treatment :large doses of cortisol

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5
Q

What is the effects of CAH on boys and girls?

A

Boys-Precocious puberty. Short stature due to early closure of epiphyseal plates

Girls-masculinisation of genitalia

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6
Q

The ferning pattern of cervical mucous is seen in which phase?

A

Follicular phase
(oestrogen)

in luteal phase the secretion is thick and forms cervical mucus plug that inhibits the ferning effect

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7
Q

The basal body temperature increases in which phase?

A

Luteal phase because progesterone is thermogenic

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8
Q

What is the MOA of mifepristone?

A

Blocks the binding of progesterone with its receptor and hence causes abortion.

Progesterone’s has anti oestrogens effect on myometrium:

  • decreases excitability
  • decreases the sensitivity to oxytocin
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9
Q

What is the pattern of release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus?

A 
Pulsatile
Circhoral rhythm (every 30 to 60 minutes)
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10
Q

To suppress ovarian production of oestrogen, a drug should be given by In infusion or hourly iv injection?

A

IV infusion to downregulate GnRH receptors on anterior pituitary, causing a decreased response of anterior pituitary gonadotrophs to GnRH. This decreases LH and FSH secretion and decreases gonadal activity.

(the normal body mechanism is by circhoral rhythm to prevent this downregulation)

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11
Q

A manis suffering from Kallmann;s syndrome. What is it and wht is the treatment?

A

Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

To simulate testicular function, a drug with GnRH activity should be given as an hourly I.V. injection as it follows the body’s natural circhoral rhythm.

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12
Q

What is the criteria for the diagnosis of preeclampsia?

A

Hypertension >140/90
>20 weeks pregnant
protenuria
oedema

Also HELLP
Haemolytic anemia
Elevated liver enzymes
Low platelet count

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13
Q

What makes preeclampsia eclampsia?

A

If associated with a seizure

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14
Q

What is the function of human placental lactogen?

A

It is structurally related to GH and prolactin. Also known as human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS).

It alters maternal glucose metabolism by making glucose more readily available to the foetus by antagonising insulin, glucose transport into maternal cells in decreased, raising the blood glucose concentration of the mother.

Foetal growth is promoted not by GH but by hPL.

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15
Q

The transportation of LDL and IgG across the placenta is mediated by what mechanism?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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16
Q

What is:
placenta accreta
placenta percereta
placenta increta

A

placenta accreta: due to abnormal adhesion between the chorionic villi and the uterine wall

placenta percereta: the chorionic villi penetrate the myometrium al the way through to the peritoneum

placenta increta: placenta penetrated into the myometrium

17
Q

What is velamentous attachment of the umbilical cord?

A

Normally, the umbilical cord inserts into the middle of the placenta as it develops. In velamentous cord insertion, the umbilical cord inserts into the fetal membranes (choriamniotic membranes), then travels within the membranes to the placenta (between the amnion and the chorion). The exposed vessels are not protected by Wharton’s jelly and hence are vulnerable to rupture.

18
Q

What is Battledore placenta?

A

A placenta in which the umbilical cord is attached at the placental margin; so called because of the fancied resemblance to the racquet (racket) used in battledore, a precursor to badminton.

19
Q

Which part of the fetal membrane, the chorion or the amnion is in contact with the endometrium?

A

The chorion

20
Q

hCG is produced by what cells?

A

Trophoblast cells

21
Q

What is the function of hCG?

A
  • Prevents luteolysis and stimulate progesterone production

- For the development of fetal adrenal and gonad during the first trimester

22
Q

What pathology produce hCG?

A

Choriocarcinoma

Hydatiform mole

23
Q

What is progesterone’s effect on prostaglandin?

A

Progesterone blocks the myometrial prostaglandin production hence reduces uterine contactility.

24
Q

How is placental oestrogen produced?

A

The oestrogen precursor DHEA-sulfate comes from fetal adrenal gland and is converted by placental sulfatase to free DHEA.

DHEA-S needs to be obtained from the foetus as the placenta lacks 17alpha dehydroxylase enzyme which converts pregnenolone to progesterone.

Oestrogen deficiency may cause foetal anaencephaly but is not mandatory for the maintanence of the pregnancy iitself.

25
Q 
What is the difference between a complete mole and partial mole in terms of:
karyotype
serum hCG
fetal parts
tendency to form choriocarcinoma
A

Complete vs partial

46XX/46XY vs triploid
hCG elevated vs less elevated
fetal parts absent vs present
2% choriocarcinoma vs rare carcinoma

26
Q

When are the spermatogonial cells reactivated to begin mitosis?

A

Puberty

27
Q

What is the function od Sertoli cells?

A

Provide nutrients
Produce inhibin (negative feedback on ant pituitary for FSH and hypothalamus for GnRH when sperm count is high)
Produces androgen binding protein

28
Q

What do interstitial/Leydig cells produce?

A

Testosterone

29
Q

What is the hormonal profile of a woman who has been pomenopausal for 10 years in terms of LH and FSH?

A

Both LH and FSH are increased

Reproductive system (3 decks)

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