Pathology

Question 1

What are the layers of the scrotum?

Answer 1

Some Darn Englishman Called It The Testes
Skin
Dartos fascia and muscles
External spermatic fascia
Cremasteric fascia
Internal spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea

Question 2

What is Phren’s sign?

In what testicular condition is Phren’s sign positive or negative?

Answer 2

Pain relief on lifting the affected testicle.
Positive-Epididymitis
Negative-Torsion of testes (surgical emergency!)

Question 3

What is seminoma positive for?

Answer 3

Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)

Question 4

What is yolk sac tumour also known as?

Answer 4

Endodermal sinus tumour

Question 5

Schiller duval bodies

Answer 5

Yolk sac tumour

-resemble primitive glomeruli

Question 6

What tumour marker is tested positive in yolk sac tumour?

Answer 6

Alfa feto protein

Question 7

What tumour marker is tested positive in choriocarcinoma?

Answer 7

hCG

origin form cytorophoblast and synsitiotrophoblast

Question 8

Koilocytes

Answer 8

Condyloma acuminatum
HPV type 6 or 11
Benign
-Fried egg appearance

Question 9

Psammoma bodies

Answer 9

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

Question 10

Type of epithelium in serous and mucinous tumours?

Answer 10

Serous-cuboidal

Mucinous- tall columnar

Question 11

Teratomas may arise before or after puberty. Which are generally benign and malignant?

Answer 11

Before puberty-Generally benign

After puberty- malignant

Question 12

Struma ovarii

Answer 12

A struma ovarii is a rare form of monodermal teratoma that contains mostly thyroid tissue, which may cause hyperthyroidism. High T4 and T3 and low TSH

Question 13

Call Exner bodies

Answer 13

Granulosa-theca cell tumour

Produce leaborate estrogens

If before puberty-precocious puberty

Question 14

Dust bunny appearance on pap smear

Answer 14

Actinomyces associated with IUD use

Question 15

Strawberry cervix

Answer 15

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 16

Keratin pearls (epithelial pearls)

Answer 16

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 17

What is adenomyosis?

Answer 17

Nests of glands beneath the endomyometrial interface

Question 18

What is endometriosis?

Answer 18

Endometrium in abnormal sites
Must have teo out of three:
1. endometrial glands
2. stroma
3. Hemosiderin

Question 19

Chocolate cyts of ovary

Answer 19

Endometriotic cyst

Question 20

What are the two layers in normal breast duct?

Answer 20

Outer myoepithelial

Inner epithelial

Question 21

Blue domed cyst

Answer 21

A component of fibrocystic breast disease seen in perimenopausal women which consists of cysts filled with light brown—post-haemorrhagic—fluid with benign stromal and epithelial hyperplasia; tenderness is increased before menstruation

Question 22

benign breast lump
consisting of both fibrous and glandular tissue
no scarring or calcifications
slit like glands

Answer 22

Fibroadenoma

Question 23

Fluctuance sign on the breast is indicative of?

Answer 23

Breast abscess

Question 24

Breast cancer

irregular STELLATE outline
Hard on palpation
Gritty fell when cut

Answer 24

Invasive ductal carcinoma

Question 25

Breast cancer

Non-cohesive cells, individually dispersed or arranged in SINGLE FILE LINEAR pattern (aka Indian file pattern)

Answer 25

Invasive lobular carcinoma

Single file due to loss of cadherin expression

Question 26

What three breast cancers have good prognosis?

Answer 26

Medullary carcinoma
Mucinous carcinoma
Tubular carcinoma

Question 27

What is Paget’s disease of the nipple?

Answer 27

Malignant cells (from ductal carcinoma in situ or invasise ductal carcinoma) extend within the duct system into the nipple skin

Question 28

What is the treatment for HER2 receptor positive breast cancer?

Answer 28

Trastuzumab
(Brand name-Herceptin)
monoclonal antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)