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Random Study Questions > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood vessel resistance equal (long eqn)?

A

R=8nL/(pi*r^4). n=viscosity

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2
Q

What is Poiselle’s equation for flow (use resistance equation and other short equation with flow and pressure)?

A

Flow=Q= (Ppir^4)/(8nL)

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3
Q

Short equation for flow?

A

VA=Q (VAQcum). Velocity*Area=Q A vacuum has a high flow of particles.

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4
Q

What is Laplace’s law for wall stress?

A

(P*r)/thickness = Wall stress. In Star Wars there are the walls closing in and causing stress. That is PRime/time for action.

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5
Q

Eqn for total peripheral resistance (long)?

A

TPR = (MAP - CVP)/CO.

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6
Q

Eqn for total peripheral resistance (short, easy)?

A

TPR=R=P/Q or delta P/ delta Q.

V=IR
Pressure=Flow*Resistance
Resistance=Pressure/Flow

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7
Q

Eqn for MAP (including TPR, CO)

A

MAP=TPR(CO) + CVP. (The +CVP part is optional)

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8
Q

How does the sympathetic system change resistance, and therefore impact MAP?

A

It acts on alpha-1 receptors and constricts arteries in the GI tract/mucosa and skin. This increases TPR, and thus increases MAP.

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9
Q

How does the sympathetic system change CO, and therefore impact MAP?

A

Sympathetic receptors (beta-1) increase the heart rate and contractility (force of contraction). This increases stroke volume and CO. Increased CO means increased MAP.

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10
Q

What is the equation for blood pressure (use the TPR equation and derive it)

A

BP=TPR*CO

TPR=(MAP-CVP)/CO.
BP=MAP-CVP
TPR=BP/CO
BP=TPR*CO

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11
Q

Pulse pressure equation

A

Pulse pressure=SBP-DBP=systolic blood pressure-diastolic blood pressure.

I.e. 120-80=40 normal

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12
Q

Eqn for MAP regarding blood pressure?

A

MAP=DBP + 1/3(pulse pressure)

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13
Q

CO?

A

HRSV. Remember the units make sense. (beats/minvolume/beat)

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14
Q

Average CO?

A

5.6L/min. 10-20% less for women.

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15
Q

Stroke volume?

A

EDV-ESV

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16
Q

Average stroke volume?

A

70-80mL (not that much!). (Similar to heart rate, which is 80bpm)

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17
Q

CO related to consumption and pulmonary vessels?

A

CO= O2 consumed / (Conc. O2 in pulmonary vein - Conc. O2 in pulm artery)

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18
Q

Ejection fraction?

A

(End Diastolic volume - End Systolic Volume)/ End Diastolic Volume

(EDV-ESV)/EDV

SV/EDV

Blood pumped out/Blood you started with in the ventricle

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19
Q

How many cusps are in each of the valves?

A

Mitral=2, tricuspid=3, pulmonary=3, aortic=3

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20
Q

If you have partial heart block, what will you see on the ECG?

A

Second P wave. This is second degree heart block. Think 2nd, you will have a 2nd P-wave.

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21
Q

If you have complete heart block,, what will you see on the ECG?

A

You will see a “dissociation” bw the P and QRS. So, they are not associated with one another. Separated.

22
Q

Normal HR?

A

80-100bpm

23
Q

What is Bainbridge Reflex responding to? What is the result?

A

Responds to an increase in RIGHT ATRIAL PRESSURE (there is an increased volume of fluid in the right atrium). It increases the HEART RATE.

24
Q

How long does a cardiac cycle last?

A

0.8 s. (think, 80bpm, 80mL stroke volume)

25
Q

How can you tell ventricular systole has started? Diastole?

A

You hear “lub”. You hear “dub”.

26
Q

Which valve closes first, the aortic or the pulmonary?

A

Aortic (you get “splitting” of “dub”)

27
Q

Where is the AV bundle? What does it do?

A

It is after the AV node. It is divided. one side goes to th left ventricle, and one side goes to the right ventricle.

28
Q

What is the “isoelectric” portion of the ECG when the ventricles are depolarized?

A

S-T segment

29
Q

What is the period between atrial depolarization and repolarization? Ventricular?

A

P-R; Q-T

30
Q

Venous return

A

Blood/min back to heart. Opposite is CO, which is blood/min away from heart.

31
Q

Frank Starling

A

An increase in ventricular filling (greater preload) leads to an increase in fiber length. This increases the strength of contraction of the ventricle.

32
Q

What is the most important factor for determining preload?

A

Venous return

33
Q

What determines the afterload of the left ventricle? Right ventricle?

A

Aorta, pulmonary arch

34
Q

Does increased HR ALWAYS mean increased CO?

A

No, at very high rates there will not be enough time for filling, so it will not directly correlate.

35
Q

How does sympathetic activation affect the heart?

A

increases rate, conduction velocity, contractility (force)

36
Q

Flow equation with pressure and resistance. How do you measure pressure?

A

Flow=(INITIAL PRESSURE-FINAL PRESSURE)/ Resistance. initial pressure=at start of vessel

37
Q

Metabolites that cause local vasodilation are what?

A

CO2, NO2, H+, K+, lactate, adenosine

38
Q

What do histamine and bradykinin do?

A

In inflammation, you want more blood flow, so they dilate arteries and constrict veins.

39
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

Arterial constriction. Stored by blood platelets. When the platelets bind to a clot, they release serotonin, where it serves as a vasoconstrictor and helps to regulate hemostasis and blood clotting. (Think, Sara has a cut at Thanksgiving, she needs to stop the bleeding.)

40
Q

What will sympathetic activation of veins do?

A

Cause vasoconstriction. You want blood to go back to the heart.

41
Q

If you have resistance in the vena cava, how will that affect venous return?

A

It will decrease venous return. The vessels won’t be able to pump blood as easily from the veins to the vena cava.

42
Q

When you have exercising muscle, what metabolites will increase? What do they cause?

A

Adenosine, K+, lactate. Vasodilation!

43
Q

What happens to arterial pressure in response to exercise?

A

Increases! The increase in cardiac output is GREATER THAN the decrease in TPR, so you will have increased arterial pressure overall.

44
Q

How does parasympathetic efferent stimulation change in the heart in response to exercise?

A

Decreases. Parasympathetic causes vagal tone (X) which decreases the heart rate. So you want to decrease this so you can increase the hr.

45
Q

What causes an anxious dental patient to have increased systolic BP?

A

Decreased arterial compliance (?)

46
Q

What molecule is relevant with sympathetic stimulation of the heart?

A

Norepinephrine

47
Q

What is the mechanism by which sympathetics act on the heart, causing increase force of contraction?

A

They cause increased intracellular calcium.

48
Q

what part of the heart has the highest conduction velocity? lowest?

A

purkinje, AV

49
Q

Rankings of automaticity of regions of heart?

A

SA>AV>Purkinje (?) ddidnt know this could beat on its own

50
Q

What are the numbers for the bpm of the nodal regions?

A

SA: 80-100, AV: 40-60, His: 30-40

51
Q

Which side of the bundle of His is thicker, and perforates the interventricular septum? How does it continue and split?

A

Left. It continues and splits into a thin anterior division and a thick posterior division.

52
Q

How long does it take the conduction to go from Bundle of His to muscle?

A

.03 to .04s

Random Study Questions (3 decks)

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