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Transition Block > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What structure covers the larynx when we are eating?

A

Epiglottis

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2
Q

What is the point on division of the trachea into right and left called?

A

Carina of the trachea

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3
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 - Superior, middle, inferior

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4
Q

How many lobes does the left lobe have?

A

2 - Superior and Inferior

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5
Q

What does the pulmonary artery contain?

A

Deoxygenated blood

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6
Q

What happens at the alveoli?

A

Blood from the pulmonary artery is oxygenated and taken back to the heart via the pulmonary vein.

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7
Q

What is a type 1 alveoli?

A

Simple squamous alveoli which is used for gas exchange

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8
Q

What is a type 2 alveoli?

A

Alveoli that produces surfactant

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9
Q

Where are the respiratory control centres in the brain?

A

Medulla

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10
Q

What two groups make up the medullary respiratory centre?

A

Ventral and Dorsal groups

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11
Q

What is the ventral group of the respiratory centre responsible for?

A

Rhythmicity of breathing

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12
Q

What is the dorsal group of the respiratory centre responsible for?

A

Inspiration

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13
Q

What does the pontine respiratory centre do?

A

Provides tonic input to the medulla to provide smooth respiration

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14
Q

What is boyle’s law?

A

At any constant temperature the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas

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15
Q

How is the volume of the thorax increased?

A

Vertical contraction of the diaphragm causing it to flatten. External intercostal muscle contraction

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16
Q

How is inspiration brought about?

A

Respiratory centres cause contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. This increases volume of the thorax and causes the intra alveolar pressure to fall. This then causes air to enter the lungs to equal the pressure gradient.

17
Q

Is expiration an active or a passive process?

A

Passive

18
Q

What is FVC?

A

Forced vital capacity. The maximum volume that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs following maximum inspiration

19
Q

What is FEV1?

A

Forced expiratory volume in one second

20
Q

What FEV1/FVC pattern would you see in obstructive lung disease?

A

Normal FVC
Low FEV1
Low FEV1/FVC ration

21
Q

What FEV1/FVC pattern would you see in restrictive lung disease?

A

Low FVC
Low FEV1
Normal FEV1/FVC

22
Q

What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the lungs?

A

Bronchoconstriction

23
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the lungs?

A

Bronchodilation

24
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

A measure of effort that has to go into stretching or distending the lungs

25
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Inspored air that is not available for gas exchange as it is lying in the airways

26
Q

Why is alveolar ventilation lower than pulmonary ventilation?

A

Anatomical dead space.

27
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Carotid bodies

Aortic bodies

28
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors?

A

Near the medulla of the brainstem

29
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

The H+ concentration of the CSF

30
Q

What is the most potent stimulator of respiration in normal people?

A

Carbon dioxide causing stimulation of the central chemoreceptors

31
Q

Which chemoreceptors mediate the hypoxic drive?

A

Peripheral chemorecpetors

32
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

33
Q

What is the resting CO in a healthy adult?

A

5L per minute

34
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per heart beat

35
Q

What is the frank starling curve?

A

The more the ventricle is filled with blood during diastole (the end diastolic volume) the greater the volume of ejected blood will be during the resulting systolic contraction (stroke volume)

36
Q

How does heart failure change the frank starling curve?

A

Shifts it to the right. Reduces the stroke volume of the heart and impairs its pumping ability.

37
Q

What is the significance of the sigmoid curve in haemoglobin saturation?

A

The steep lower part means that the peripheral tissues get a lot of oxygen for only a small drop in capillary PO2.
The flat upper portion means that a moderate fall in alveolar Po2 will not much affect oxygen loading.

Transition Block (4 decks)

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