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MSK > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 kinds of muscle?

A

Cardiac (heart)
Smooth (stomach)
Skeletal (limbs)

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2
Q

What is the largest type of human tissue?

A

Muscle

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3
Q

What are muscles capable of?

A

developing tension
producing movement
contraction

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4
Q

What types of muscle are striated?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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5
Q

What are the dark and light bands within muscle?

A 
Dark = thick myocin
Light = thin actin
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6
Q

What nervous system innervates skeletal muscle?

A

Somatic

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7
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A single alpha motor neurone

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Muscle that serve fine movements have less fibres per motor unit

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Does skeletal muscle contain gap junctions?

A

No, but cardiac muscle does

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10
Q

Does skeletal muscle have neuromusclular junctions?

A

Yes, but cardiac muscle does not

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11
Q

In skeletal muscle, where does Ca++ come from?

A

Entirely from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, in cardiac its also from ECF

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12
Q

How is the potential transmitted in alpha motor neurons cause muscle contraction?

A

Excitation contraction coupling

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13
Q

What is excitation contraction coupling?

A

process where the surface action potential results in activation of the contractile mechanism of the muscle fibre.

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14
Q

When in skeletal muscle is Ca++ released?

A

When the surface action potential spreads down the transverse (T)-tubules

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15
Q

What are T-tubules?

A

They are extensions of the surface membrane that dip into the muscle fibre

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16
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction transmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

What does each muscle fibre contain?

A

Myofibrils

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18
Q

How are actin and myocin arranged, and where?

A

In sarcomeres within each myofibril

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19
Q

What are the 4 zones of a sarcomere?

A

A-band, H-zone, M-line and I-band

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20
Q

What is the A-band?

A

Thick filaments along with the portions of thin filaments that overlap in both ends of thick filament

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21
Q

What is the H-zone?

A

Lighter area within middle of A-band where thin filaments don’t reach

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22
Q

What is the M-line?

A

It extends vertically down the middle of the A-band within the centre of the H-zone

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23
Q

What is the I-band?

A

Consists of remaining portion of thin filaments that do not project in A-band

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24
Q

What is Ca++ needed for?

A

to switch on cross bridge formation

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25
Q

What is motor neurone recruitment?

A

stimulation of more motor units resulting in a stronger contraction.

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26
Q

What does synchronous motor units recruitment during submaximal contractions help to prevent?

A

Muscle fatigue

27
Q

What 4 things help dictate the tension developed during muscle fibre contraction?

A
  1. Frequency of stimulation
  2. Summation of contractions
  3. Length of muscle fibre at onset of contraction
  4. Thickness of muscle fibre
28
Q

What prevents a tetanic contraction?

A

A long refractory period

29
Q

What is a twitch?

A

a single contraction of the muscle

30
Q

How much tension does a twitch produce?

A

Very little

31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
With increasing frequency of stimulation
the tension increases

A

TRUE

32
Q

What are the two types of contraction?

A

Isotonic and Isometric

33
Q

Explain isotonic contractions

A

For body movements and moving objects.

Muscle tension remains constant as the muscle length changes.

34
Q

Explain Isometric contractions

A

Used for supporting objects in fixed positions and for maintaining body posture.

35
Q

Give an example of a disease which involves chronic degeneration of contractile elements

A

Muscular dystrophy

36
Q

Give an example of a disease which involves abnormalities in muscle ion channels

A

Myotonia

37
Q

Give an example of inflammatory myopathies

A

Polymyosytis

38
Q

Give 2 examples of endocrine myopathies

A

Cushing syndrome

Thyroid disease

39
Q

Give 2 examples of toxic myopathies

A

Alcohol

Statins

40
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

A stereotyped response to a specific stimulus

41
Q

What type of reflex is the stretch reflex?

A

Monosynaptic reflex

42
Q

The stretch reflex is an example of what?

A

Negative feedback

43
Q

What type of change does the stretch reflex resist against?

A

Passive

44
Q

What does the stretch reflex help maintain when walking?

A

Posture

45
Q

What is the stretch reflex coordinated by?

A

Simultaneous relaxation of antagonist muscle

46
Q

What spinal segments and peripheral nerve control the Knee jerk?

A

L3, L4, Femoral nerve

47
Q

What spinal segments and peripheral nerve control the ankle jerk?

A

S1, S2, Tibial nerve

48
Q

What spinal segments and peripheral nerve control the Biceps jerk?

A

C5, C6, Musculocutaneous nerve

49
Q

What spinal segments and peripheral nerve control the Brachioradialis?

A

C5, C6, Radial nerve

50
Q

What spinal segments and peripheral nerve control the Triceps jerk?

A

C6, C7, Radial nerve

51
Q

What are muscle spindles and what are they known as?

A

Specialised muscle fibres and intrafusal fibres

52
Q

What are ordinary muscle spindles referred to as?

A

Extrafusal fibres

53
Q

What are the neurones that control muscle spindles called?

A

Gamma (y) motor neurones

54
Q

What are slow-twitch fibres?

A

Slow oxidative type 1 fibres, used for prolonged relatively low aerobic activities

55
Q

What are intermediate -twitch fibres?

A

fast oxidative type IIa fibres used for both aerobic and anaerobic and are useful in prolonged relatively moderate work

56
Q

What are fast-twitch fibres?

A

Fast glycolytic type IIx fibres, anaerobic metabolism and are mainly used for short-term high intensity activities

57
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A
  1. Synovial
  2. Fibrous
  3. Cartilaginous
58
Q

What unites bone in a fibrous joint?

A

Fibrous tissue

59
Q

What unites bone in a cartilaginous joint (Amphiarthrosis)?

A

Cartilage

60
Q

What separates bones in synovial joints?

A

A cavity containing synovial fluid and united by a fibrous capsule

61
Q

What produces synovial fluid inside the synovial membrane?

A

Synovial cells (Fibroblasts)

62
Q

What covers the articular surfaces of bones?

A

Cartilage

63
Q

What is synovium?

A

derived hyaluronic acid (mucin) a polymer of disaccharides

MSK (15 decks)

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