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Gen Med (Renal) > Physiology 4 - Reabsorption and Secretion > Flashcards

Physiology 4 - Reabsorption and Secretion Flashcards

1
Q

The vast majority of reabsorption occurs at which point in the neprhon?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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2
Q

What percentage of water and salt is reabsorbed by the kidneys?

A

99%

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3
Q

Which two substances are normally 100% reabsorbed in the kidneys?

A

Glucose and amino acids

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4
Q

What percentage of urea is reabsorbed in the kidneys?

A

50%

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5
Q

What is the osmolarity of tubular fluid going into the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

300mosmol/l

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6
Q

What is the osmolarity of tubular fluid coming out of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

300mosmol/l

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7
Q

Where are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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8
Q

Where is creatinine secreted into the nephron?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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9
Q

Where are drugs to be excreted secreted into the nephron?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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10
Q

Where are hydrogen ions secreted into the nephron?

A

Proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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11
Q

Where are potassium ions secreted into the nephron?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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12
Q

‘Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used to move the substance against its concentration gradient’ describes which type of membrane transport?

A

Primary active transport

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13
Q

‘The carrier molecule is transported coupled to the concentration gradient of an ion’ describes which type of membrane transport?

A

Secondary active transport

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14
Q

‘Passive carrier mediated transport of a substance down its existing concentration gradient within the cell membrane’ describes which type of membrane transport?

A

Facilitated transport

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15
Q

Under normal circumstances, in what direction is the sodium concentration gradient?

A

Inward

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16
Q

Under normal circumstances, in what direction is the potassium concentration gradient?

A

Outward

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17
Q

Sodium ions are reabsorbed in all regions of the nephron except where?

A

Descending limb of the loop of Henle

18
Q

The reabsorption of sodium is driven by the presence of the Na+/K+ pump at which membrane of the cell?

A

Basolateral

19
Q

What type of transporter is the Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

A

Primary active transporter

20
Q

Within the Na+/K+ ATPase, does sodium enter or exit the cell?

A

Exit

21
Q

Within the Na+/K+ ATPase, does potassium enter or exit the cell?

A

Enter

22
Q

Sodium is positively charged and so when it moves across a cell via the transcellular route in the proximal convoluted tubule it sets up an electrochemical gradient for the passive reabsorption of what via the paracellular route?

A

Chloride

23
Q

Via what route is water reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Paracellular

24
Q

Why is there no overall change in osmolarity at the beginning and end of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Water and salt are reabsorbed in equal concentrations

25
Q

When glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule via the transcellular route, this sets up an osmotic gradient for the reabsorption of what via the paracellular route?

A

Water

26
Q

At what blood glucose level will the transport mechanisms in the proximal convoluted tubule become saturated?

A

10-12mmol/l

27
Q

2/3rds of water and salt are reabsorbed where in the nephron?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

28
Q

Which segment of the loop of Henle is highly permeable to water?

A

Descending limb

29
Q

Which segment of the loop of Henle is relatively impermeable to water?

A

Ascending limb

30
Q

Salt (i.e. sodium and chloride) is reabsorbed in which segment of the loop of Henle?

A

Ascending limb

31
Q

Which segment of the loop of Henle does not reabsorb salt?

A

Descending limb

32
Q

Is salt reabsorption in the thin ascending loop of Henle active or passive?

A

Passive

33
Q

Is salt reabsorption in the thick ascending loop of Henle active or passive?

A

Active

34
Q

Where is the Na+/K+/Cl- triple co-transporter found?

A

Thick ascending loop of Henle

35
Q

On which membrane of the cell is the Na+/K+/Cl- triple co-transporter found?

A

Apical

36
Q

What drug group blocks the Na+/K+/Cl- triple co-transporter?

A

Loop diuretics

37
Q

What is the tonicity of tubular fluid compared to the interstitial fluid when it leaves the loop of Henle?

A

Hypotonic

38
Q

If a person is dehydrated, what happens to the levels of ADH?

A

Increased

39
Q

Describe the urine which is produced when a person is dehydrated?

A

Small volumes of concentrated urine

40
Q

If a person is over-hydrated, what happens to the levels of ADH?

A

Decreased

41
Q

Describe the urine which is produced when a person is over-hydrated?

A

Large volumes of dilute urine

42
Q

Hormones which affect reabsorption act on which parts of the nephron?

A

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts

Gen Med (Renal) (18 decks)

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