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Gen Med (Renal) > Physiology 2 - Structure and Function of the Kidneys > Flashcards

Physiology 2 - Structure and Function of the Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

Roughly how much salt do the kidneys excrete per day?

A

10g

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2
Q

What are some examples of metabolic waste products which are excreted by the kidneys?

A

Urea, creatinine, bilirubin

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3
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys to control arterial blood pressure?

A

Renin

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4
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production?

A

Erythropoietin

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5
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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6
Q

What are the three main functions of the nephron?

A

Filtration, secretion, reabsorption

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7
Q

The initial tubular fluid formed by glomerular filtration passes from the glomerulus into where?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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8
Q

Describe the flow of tubular fluid once it has exited the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Proximal tubule - loop of Henle - distal tubule - collecting duct

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9
Q

The collecting ducts empty urine into where?

A

Renal pelvis

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10
Q

Histologically, the tubules of the nephron are made up of what?

A

A single layer of epithelial cells

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11
Q

What blood vessel drains blood into the glomerulus?

A

Afferent arteriole

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12
Q

Blood leaves the glomerulus into which vessel?

A

Efferent arteriole

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13
Q

In the vast majority of nephrons, where does blood pass into from the efferent arteriole?

A

Peritubular capillaries

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14
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a small portion of what part of the nephron, that passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

Distal tubule

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15
Q

What is the most common type of nephron in the kidneys?

A

Cortical

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16
Q

20% of the nephrons in the kidneys are what type?

A

Juxtamedullary

17
Q

In which type of nephron is the loop of Henle longer?

A

Juxtamedullary

18
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons do not have peritubular capillaries. What do they have instead?

A

Vasa recta

19
Q

The vasa recta follows the route taken by which part of the nephron?

A

Loop of Henle

20
Q

What is the purpose of the juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

To produce a more concentrated urine

21
Q

Which is larger in diameter- the afferent or efferent arteriole?

A

Afferent

22
Q

If the smooth muscle of the afferent arteriole contracts, what happens to the blood supply to the glomerulus?

A

Decreased

23
Q

If the smooth muscle of the afferent arteriole relaxes, what happens to the blood supply to the glomerulus?

A

Increased

24
Q

Which cells make up the inner layer of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Podocytes

25
Q

What is located between the endothelial cells of the glomerulus capillary and the podocytes of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Basement membrane

26
Q

Does the basement membrane of a nephron contain any cells?

A

No

27
Q

What is the purpose of the granular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

To secrete renin

28
Q

What is the purpose of the macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

To sense the salt concentration of the tubular fluid

29
Q

If there is too much salt in the tubular fluid, what is the action of the macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Contract smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole

30
Q

If there is too little salt in the tubular fluid, what is the action of the macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Relax smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole

31
Q

What percentage of blood passing through the glomerulus becomes tubular fluid?

A

20%

32
Q

What is the normal glomerular filtration rate?

A

125ml/min

33
Q

If the rate of filtration of a substance is higher than the rate of excretion of the same substance, what has happened to that substance in the nephron?

A

Net reabsorption

34
Q

If the rate of filtration of a substance is lower than the rate of excretion of the same substance, what has happened to that substance in the nephron?

A

Net secretion

Gen Med (Renal) (18 decks)

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