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Endocrinology > Physiology 4 > Flashcards

Physiology 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Objectives of absorption and storage: during & after meal

A

1) fill glycogen stores (from carbos)
2) Don’t spill much glucose in urine
3) Utilize ingested carbos and fat for energy
4) Package excess carbos & fats as TAG
AAs as protein

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2
Q

Objectives of absorption and storage: between meals

A

1) keep glucose about constant for CNS
2) dec. glucose utilization (except CNS)
3) keep some glycogen reserves
4) burn fats for energy (FA, KB)
5) utilize “sparable” proteins (AAs) (& glycerol, lactate) for gluconeogenesis

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3
Q

Most efficient energy storage form?

A

fat

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4
Q

Glucose can be used by?

A

all tissues

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5
Q

How much glycogen stores?

A

more than glucose

enough for 1/2 day fuel

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6
Q

Tissues that must have glucose?

A

brain (nerves)
RBC
WBC
renal tubules

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7
Q

Carbohydrate processes during feeding?

A
  • inc glucose uptake & utliz.
  • inc. glycolysis
  • inc. glycogen stores
  • dec. glyconeogenesis
  • dec. glycogenolysis
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8
Q

Carbohydrate processes during fasting?

A
  • dec. glucose uptake & utli.
  • dec. glycolysis
  • small dec. in glycogen stores
  • small dec. glycogenesis
  • inc. gluconeogenesis
  • inc. glycogenolysis
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9
Q

Fat processes during feeding?

A
  • inc. lipogenesis
  • inc. fat stores
  • dec. lipolysis
  • dec. ketogenesis
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10
Q

Fat processes during fasting?

A
  • dec. lipogenesis
  • dec. fat stores
  • inc. lipolysis (inc FFA)
  • inc. ketogenesis
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11
Q

Protein processes during feeding?

A
  • inc PS
  • inc. protein stores

-dec. PD

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12
Q

Protein processes during fasting?

A
  • dec PS
  • dec. protein stores (especially in muscle & lymph)

-inc PD

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13
Q

Glucose-Fatty Acid Cycle

A

-glucose goes to Glucose-6-P in Muscle
-goes to energy,
-FFA inhibit glucose utilization b/w meals
(from fat cells)

-glucose goes to triglycerides in fat cells

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14
Q

Short acting hormones

A
  • insulin
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • glucagon

-rapid onset, brief action

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15
Q

Long acting hormones

A
  • GH
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Sex steroids

-delayed onset, prolonged action

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16
Q

Short acting hormone mechanism

A

-inc/dec enzyme or protein activity

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17
Q

Long acting hormone mechanism

A

inc/dec amount of enzymes or other problems

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18
Q

Change in Cortisol during a meal?

A

none

few effects: slight dec. in glucose uptake & utilization; glycostatic

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19
Q

Change in Cortisol during fasting?

A

none

effects: allow inc. gluconeogenesis & lipolysis
dec. in glucose uptake & utilization

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20
Q

Change in GH during a meal?

A

none

effects: inc PS

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21
Q

Change in GH during fasting?

A

none
effects: dec in glucose utilization
dec lipolysis
slows protein loss (glycostatic)

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22
Q

Change in T3 during a meal?

A

none
effects: inc PS
inc glycolysis - from residual hormones

23
Q

Change in T3 during fasting?

A

none

effects: permissive, to inc. lipolysis, synergizes with GH

24
Q

Largest effect to raise plasma glucose?

A

glucagon + epinephrine + cortisol

25
Q

Lipolytic Substances

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine

*T4, cortisol, GH make theme more effective

26
Q

Antilipolytic Substances

A

-insulin

27
Q

What do Glucocorticoids do?

A

-

28
Q

Change in Glucagon during meal?

A
  • may dec.

effects: few

29
Q

Change in Glucagon during fasting?

A
  • may inc.
    effects: inc. glycogenolysis
    inc. gluconeogenesis
    inc. ketogenesis

dec. glycogen synthesis
dec. glycolysis

30
Q

Change in Epi&NE during a meal?

A

decrease

effects: few

31
Q

Change in Epi&NE during fasting?

A

tend to increase

effects: inc. glycogenolysis + lipolysis
inc. gluconeogenesis

dec. insulin secretion
mild dec. of glucose uptake

32
Q

Change in Insulin during a meal?

A

INCREASE
effects: increase many anabolic & anticatabolic processes and decrease catabolic processes (except glycolysis & TCA cycle)

33
Q

Change in Insulin during fasting?

A

DECREASE

  • decrease in many anabolic & anticatabolic precesses
  • allows catabolic ones to dominate
34
Q

Normal Growth

A

-increase in height and mass
-several phases:
fetal (rapid at end of gestation)
postnatal (early childhood)
pubertal (adolescent growth spurt)
adulthood
senescent - may be decline in stature

35
Q

Normal Growth Requires

A
  • proper nutrition, including energy, essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, & minerals (Ca, Fe)
  • sufficient hormones at proper times
  • good physchosocial environment (psychosocial deprivation)
36
Q

Catch-up Growth

A

-after illness in childhood

37
Q

Compensatory Growth

A

Kidney
Liver
Adrenal - hormone involved (ACHT, CRH)

38
Q

Hormones involved in normal somatic growth

A
  • Insulin
  • Thyroid Hormones
  • Crotisol
  • GI hormones
  • Vit D
  • Sex hormones (androgens (male & female), estrogens)
  • after stimulating pubertal spurt, they shut down growth zones
  • probably certain “growth factors”
  • GROWTH HORMONE
39
Q

How much does GH change height?

A

-20-30%

40
Q

To much GH?

A
  • giantism or gigantism
  • increase to maximal genetic potential
  • increase linear growth
  • normal skeletal maturation
41
Q

To little GH?

A
  • dwarfism (one type of -)
  • hyposomatotropic dwarfism
  • decrease linear growth
  • delayed skeletal maturation
42
Q

Somatotropin

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

43
Q

Somatomedin

A

SM-C, probably mediates some of GH actions, particularly on bone elongation and adipocytes
-also known as IGF-1

44
Q

Somatostatin

A

-hypothalamic peptide that inhibits GH secretion

= SS, SRIH

45
Q

Somatocrinin

A

-hypothalamic peptide that stimulates GH secretion

=GHRH

46
Q

Acromegaly

A
  • bone thickening

- excess GH for years

47
Q

T3 interactions with growth hormone

A

1) increased sensitivity to GH-RH
2) increased synthesis of GH
3) increased responsiveness of target cells

48
Q

Insulin & growth hormone

A

-insulin needed for GH to be able to work

49
Q

Physiological Factors that Increase GH

A
  • GHRH
  • decrease SS
  • spontaneous incr.
  • deep sleep
  • exercise
  • acute stress
  • thyroid hormone
  • puberty (estrog./ androg.)
  • post-prandial decr. glucose
50
Q

Physiological Factors that Decrease GH

A
  • SS
  • decrease GHRH
  • spontaneous decr.
  • light sleep & waking
  • elevated GH
  • IGF-1
  • aging
  • postprandial hyperglycemia
  • inc. free fatty acids
51
Q

Effect of excess Thyroid Hormone on Growth

A

excess: increase linear growth, advanced skeletal maturation, minimal effect on adult stature
deficiency: decreased linear growth, delayed skeletal maturation, decreased adult stature

52
Q

Effect of Cortisol on Growth

A

-excess: decreased linear growth, delayed skeletal maturation, decreased effect on adult stature

53
Q

Effect of Androgen of Growth

A
  • excess: decreased linear growth, advanced skeletal maturation, decreased adult stature
  • deficiency: increase linear growth, delayed skeletal maturation, “eunuchoidal” adult stature - tall long arms & legs

Endocrinology (15 decks)

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