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Unit 9 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 60:40:20 rule?

A

60% of TBW is H2O
40% is ICF
20% is ECF

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2
Q

What losses more fluid from neonate to adult (ECF/ICF)?

A

ECF is looses more H2O, 50% to 33%

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3
Q

Increasing body fat (increases/decreases) TBW?

A

decreases

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4
Q

What are the kidney’s 3 endocrine products?

A
  1. erythropoietin
  2. active vitamin D
  3. renin
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5
Q

GFR is about ____ ml/min or ____ L/day

A

125 ml/min = 180 L/day

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6
Q

The two types of solutes used to measure GFR are:

A
  1. exogenous (e.g. inulin)

2. endogenous (e.g. creatinine)

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7
Q

Renal blood flow is (kept constant/changed with changing blood pressure)

A

kept constant

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8
Q

Name two autoregulation mechanism for renal blood flow:

A
  1. myogenic response

2. tubulogenic response

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9
Q

The ____ _____ decreases resistance to blood flow in the afferent arterioles via vasodilation

A

Macula Densa

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10
Q

Increasing renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles is done by the ____ ____

A

Macula Densa

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11
Q

Decreased resistance to blood flow in the afferent arterioles via vasodilation is done by the _____ ____

A

Macula Densa

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12
Q

MAP increases more with (small muscle exercise, large muscle exercise)

A

small muscle exercise

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13
Q

MAP rises more with (static/dynamic) exercise

A

static

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14
Q

The Na+/K+ ATPase on renal epithelial cells is on the (apical/basolateral) membrane

A

basolateral

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15
Q

The net charge of renal epithelial cells is (+/-)

A

(-)

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16
Q

The net charge of renal epithelial cells is (+/-)

A

(-)

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17
Q

Inside a renal epithelial cell there is more (K+/Na+)

A

K+

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18
Q

If glucose escapes re-absorption at the proximal tube, what happens to it?

A

it is excreted

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19
Q

What is the only place in the nephron where glucose is re-absorbed?

A

the proximal tubule

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20
Q

The transport of glucose at the lumenal membrane in the proximal tubule is driven by (ATP/Na+/K+/facilitated diffusion)

A

Na+

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21
Q

The transport of glucose at the basolateral (capillary side) membrane in the proximal tubule is driven by (ATP/Na+/K+/facilitated diffusion)

A

facilitated diffusion

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22
Q

80% of filtered phosphate is reabsorped at the (proximal/distal) tubule

A

proximal

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23
Q

Approximately 98% of A.A. are reabsorbed at the (proximal/distal) tubule

A

proximal

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24
Q

This mediates the concentrative exchange of intracellular ketoglutarate for extraceullular PAH at the basolateral membrane: _____ _____ _______

A

organic anion antiporter, ( OAT1 or OAT3)

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25
Q

At high pH, the clearance of salicylate is (lesser/greater)

A

greater

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26
Q

At low pH, the salicylate is (cleared/reabsorbed)

A

Reabsorbed

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27
Q

Exersice (promotes/inhibits) insulin production

A

inhibits

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28
Q

As VO2 increases, RER (increases/decreases)

A

increases

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29
Q

Exercise over a long duration causes the RER to (increase/decrease)

A

decrease

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30
Q

A higher RER will correspond with a diet high in (carbohydrates/fats)

A

carbohydrates

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31
Q

During exercise blood glucose decreases and muscle glucose uptake (increase/decreases)

A

increases (despite lower insulin)

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32
Q

Insulin and lactate cause blood free fatty acids to (increase/decrease)

A

decrease

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33
Q

Triglycerides are used more by (red/white) muscle fibers

A

red muscle fibers

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34
Q

When exercising at similar rates (trained/untrained) animals will use more fatty acids

A

trained animals use more free fatty acids

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35
Q

High blood lactate levels will (promote/inhibit) free fatty acid release from adipose

A

inhibit

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36
Q

The RER of an untrained animal is (higher/lower) than that of a trained animal at a given exercise intensity

A

higher (burning more CHO)

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37
Q

the increase in maximal C.O. with training is due primarily to increase in (maximal H.R./lower TPR/greater S. V.)

A

greater stroke volume accounts for greater cardiac output

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38
Q

The Rate pressure product (RPP) in a fit person is (higher/lower)

A

lower

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39
Q

Which is more favorably impacted by exercise (serum triglycerides/cholesterol)

A

serum triglycerides

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40
Q

What is the most compelling reason for individuals to start and stick with exercise?

A

You are! (recommendations from physicians)

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41
Q

Which segment of the nephron absorbs the most organic solutes including glucose, AA and vitamins?

A

Proximal tubule

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42
Q

Organic solute reabsorption in the proximal tubule is (regulated/constitutive)

A

constitutive

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43
Q

Which segment of the nephron secretes organic cations and anions such as drugs and metabolites?

A

Proximal tubule

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44
Q

The end of the proximal tubule has a net (+/-) charge

A

+ (Na+ reabsorption)

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45
Q

Name 3 things absorbed by the proximal tubule

A
  1. HCO3-
  2. Amino Acids
  3. Glucose
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46
Q

In titratable acid excretion, what enzyme combines OH- and CO2?

A

carbonic anhydrase

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47
Q

ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary when plasma osmolarity (increases/decreases)

A

increases

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48
Q

High water permeability (tDLH/tALH/TAL)

A

tDLH: thin descending limb

49
Q

Passive NaCl reabsorption (tDLH/tALH/TAL)

A

tALH: thin ascending limb

50
Q

Active NaCl reabsorption via Na/K/2Cl symporter (tDLH/tALH/TAL)

A

TAL: thick ascending limb

51
Q

ADH works on the collecting duct by increasing permeability of _______ and _____

A
  1. Water

2. Urea

52
Q

ADH works on the tALH: thin ascending limb by increasing absorption of _______

A

Na: Sodium

53
Q

Hyperventilation causes blood pH to (increase/decrease)

54
Q

hypoventilation causes respiratory (alkalosis/acidosis)

55
Q

excessive vomiting can cause metabolic (alkalosis/acidosis)

56
Q

starvation leads to (alkalosis/acidosis), specifically called _________

A

acidosis, specifically ketoacidosis

57
Q

in ketoacidosis the anion gap (increases/decreases) from the normal 12+/-4

58
Q

A high anion gap indicates (alkalosis/acidosis)

59
Q

Renal excretion of solute ÷ plasma solute concentration =

A

renal clearance

60
Q

decreased plasma osmolarity results in (increased/decreased) ADH resulting in the elimination of free water by the kidneys

61
Q

Increased plasma osmolarity causes (increased/decreased) ADH

62
Q

If excess pure water is being excreted, the free water clearance is (positive/negative)

63
Q

If the urine is more concentrated than the plasma, then the free water clearance is (positive/negative)

64
Q

Restricted water intake, hydropenia, when the kidneys maximally concentrate the urine (diuresis/antidiuresis)

A

antidiuresis

65
Q

ingestion of excess water when the kidneys maximally dilute the urine and excrete a large volume (diuresis/antidiuresis)

66
Q

ADH works on the (proximal tubule/ loop/distal tubule/collecting tubule and duct)

A

collecting tubule and duct

67
Q

ADH (vassopressin) causes (vasoconstriction/vasodilation)

A

vasoconstriction

68
Q

Kidneys will increase sodium excretion in response to (increased ECF volume/increase Na+)

A

increased ECF volume

69
Q

If the effective circulating volume is decreases relative to the extracellular fluid volume, what has happened?

A

edema, the fluid is no longer in circulation

70
Q

Baroreceptors are located in what 3 locations

A
  1. vasculature
  2. CNS
  3. Liver
71
Q

What hormone is released by the heart to promote sodium excretion in order to reduce blood volume?

A

ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide

72
Q

Angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE, is especially abundant in the (liver/lungs)

73
Q

What enzyme controls the most important step of the RAAS system?

74
Q

From where is renin released?

A

the JGA: juxtaglomerular apparatus

75
Q

decreased arterial blood flow (increases/decreases) renin secretion

76
Q

Which part of the RAAS system directly signals for vasoconstriction and increased B.P.

A

Angiotensin II

77
Q

Which part of the RAAS system directly signals for aldosterone release?

A

Angiotensin II

78
Q

The primary regulator of long term salt balance is _______

A

aldosterone

79
Q

Aldosterone is released from the _______

A

adrenal cortex

80
Q

ADH is released from the _______

A

posterior pituitary

81
Q

Aldosterone directly binds a (intracellular receptor/cell membrane receptor/nuclear receptor)

A

intracellular receptor

82
Q

The most abundant intracellular cation is _______

83
Q

Hyperkalemia leads to (acidosis/alkalosis)

84
Q

A decrease in intracellular pH implying increased intracellular H+ (promotes/inhibits) K+ uptake

85
Q

Renal excretion of K+ is regulated in the (proximal/distal) nephron

86
Q

90% of filtered K+ is absorbed constitutivly in the (proximal/distal) tubule

87
Q

K+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule is (paracellular/transcellular/both)

A

paracellular

88
Q

K+ reabsorption in the thick ascending limb is (paracellular/transcellular/both)

89
Q

increased reabsorption of K+ by the lumenal K+/H+ exchange during hypokalemia may result in metabolic (acidosis/alkalosis)

90
Q

With a high potassium diet, distal tubule flow (speeds up/slows down)

A

slows down to allow K+ to leave

91
Q

With a low potassium diet, distal tubule flow (speeds up/slows down)

A

speed up, to “sweep” potassium away from being lost

92
Q

Aldosterone (increases/decreases) K+ secretion

93
Q

The macula densa is in the (collecting tubule/distal tubule)

A

distal tubule

94
Q

A declining Blood pressure (releases/inhibits) renin

95
Q

Angiotensin II (releases/inhibits) aldosterone

96
Q

Angiotensin II (increase/decreases) GFR

97
Q

Angiotensin II has negative feedback to _______

98
Q

aldosterone works by up regulating _____ channels in the apical membrane of the distal tubule

99
Q

When the heart releases ANP, this (promotes/inhibits) renin release

A

inhibits, ANP want to decrease volume

100
Q

ADH secretion is regulated by (baroreceptor/osmoreceptors/both)

A

both, but baro are stronger

101
Q

SIAHD causes (hyper/hypo)natremia

A

hyponatremia

102
Q

The normal response to hyponatremia is to suppress _____ release

103
Q

Hypokalemia can increase renal bicarb reabsorption leading to _______

104
Q

Low plasma potassium leads to (increased/decreased) HCO3 reabsorption and retention

A

increased HCO3 and alkalosis

105
Q

Vco2/Vo2 is called the ______

A

RER: respiratory exchange ratio

106
Q

A higher RER indicates more (fat/carbohydrates) are burned

A

carbohydrates

107
Q

As the intensity of exercise increase, you burn more (fat/carbohydrates)

A

carbohydrates

108
Q

As the intensity of exercise increase, your RER initially (increases/decreases)

A

increases

can decreases with over exertion

109
Q

Fatigue in muscles is due to depletion of (ATP/skeletal muscle glycogen/blood glucose)

A

skeletal muscle glycogen

110
Q

With resistance training, their is an increase in (mitochondrial content/increased actin and myosin content)

A

increased actin and myosin content

111
Q

GFR/RPF = ______

glomerular filtration rate/renal plasma flow= ________

A

Filtration fraction

112
Q

Regardless of ADH, the greatest fraction of water is reabsorbed in the _____ _____

A

proximal tubule

113
Q

High pH and high bicarb on davenport graph means uncompensated (respiratory alkalosis/metabolic alkalosis)

A

metabolic alkalosis

114
Q

High pH and low bicarb on davenport graph means uncompensated (respiratory alkalosis/metabolic alkalosis)

A

respiratory alkalosis

115
Q

Low pH and high bicarb on davenport graph means uncompensated (respiratory acidosis/metabolic acidosis)

A

respiratory acidosis

116
Q

Low pH and low bicarb on davenport graph means uncompensated (respiratory acidosis/metabolic acidosis)

A

metabolic acidosis

117
Q

renin is secreted by _______ cells in the afferent arterioles of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

granular cells

118
Q

Inadequate release of ADH/AVP from the posterior pituitary in response to an increase in plasma osmolarity causes ___________

A

central diabetes insipidus

119
Q

How does angiotensin II affect the kidney?

A

constricts efferent arterioles, more that afferent

Unit 9 (3 decks)

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