Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
What is the 60:40:20 rule?
A
60% of TBW is H2O
40% is ICF
20% is ECF
2
Q
What losses more fluid from neonate to adult (ECF/ICF)?
A
ECF is looses more H2O, 50% to 33%
3
Q
Increasing body fat (increases/decreases) TBW?
A
decreases
4
Q
What are the kidney’s 3 endocrine products?
A
- erythropoietin
- active vitamin D
- renin
5
Q
GFR is about ____ ml/min or ____ L/day
A
125 ml/min = 180 L/day
6
Q
The two types of solutes used to measure GFR are:
A
- exogenous (e.g. inulin)
2. endogenous (e.g. creatinine)
7
Q
Renal blood flow is (kept constant/changed with changing blood pressure)
A
kept constant
8
Q
Name two autoregulation mechanism for renal blood flow:
A
- myogenic response
2. tubulogenic response
9
Q
The ____ _____ decreases resistance to blood flow in the afferent arterioles via vasodilation
A
Macula Densa
10
Q
Increasing renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles is done by the ____ ____
A
Macula Densa
11
Q
Decreased resistance to blood flow in the afferent arterioles via vasodilation is done by the _____ ____
A
Macula Densa
12
Q
MAP increases more with (small muscle exercise, large muscle exercise)
A
small muscle exercise
13
Q
MAP rises more with (static/dynamic) exercise
A
static
14
Q
The Na+/K+ ATPase on renal epithelial cells is on the (apical/basolateral) membrane
A
basolateral
15
Q
The net charge of renal epithelial cells is (+/-)
A
(-)
16
Q
The net charge of renal epithelial cells is (+/-)
A
(-)
17
Q
Inside a renal epithelial cell there is more (K+/Na+)
A
K+
18
Q
If glucose escapes re-absorption at the proximal tube, what happens to it?
A
it is excreted
19
Q
What is the only place in the nephron where glucose is re-absorbed?
A
the proximal tubule
20
Q
The transport of glucose at the lumenal membrane in the proximal tubule is driven by (ATP/Na+/K+/facilitated diffusion)
A
Na+
21
Q
The transport of glucose at the basolateral (capillary side) membrane in the proximal tubule is driven by (ATP/Na+/K+/facilitated diffusion)
A
facilitated diffusion
22
Q
80% of filtered phosphate is reabsorped at the (proximal/distal) tubule
A
proximal
23
Q
Approximately 98% of A.A. are reabsorbed at the (proximal/distal) tubule
A
proximal
24
Q
This mediates the concentrative exchange of intracellular ketoglutarate for extraceullular PAH at the basolateral membrane: _____ _____ _______
A
organic anion antiporter, ( OAT1 or OAT3)
25
At high pH, the clearance of salicylate is (lesser/greater)
greater
26
At low pH, the salicylate is (cleared/reabsorbed)
Reabsorbed
27
Exersice (promotes/inhibits) insulin production
inhibits
28
As VO2 increases, RER (increases/decreases)
increases
29
Exercise over a long duration causes the RER to (increase/decrease)
decrease
30
A higher RER will correspond with a diet high in (carbohydrates/fats)
carbohydrates
31
During exercise blood glucose decreases and muscle glucose uptake (increase/decreases)
increases (despite lower insulin)
32
Insulin and lactate cause blood free fatty acids to (increase/decrease)
decrease
33
Triglycerides are used more by (red/white) muscle fibers
red muscle fibers
34
When exercising at similar rates (trained/untrained) animals will use more fatty acids
trained animals use more free fatty acids
35
High blood lactate levels will (promote/inhibit) free fatty acid release from adipose
inhibit
36
The RER of an untrained animal is (higher/lower) than that of a trained animal at a given exercise intensity
higher (burning more CHO)
37
the increase in maximal C.O. with training is due primarily to increase in (maximal H.R./lower TPR/greater S. V.)
greater stroke volume accounts for greater cardiac output
38
The Rate pressure product (RPP) in a fit person is (higher/lower)
lower
39
Which is more favorably impacted by exercise (serum triglycerides/cholesterol)
serum triglycerides
40
What is the most compelling reason for individuals to start and stick with exercise?
You are! (recommendations from physicians)
41
Which segment of the nephron absorbs the most organic solutes including glucose, AA and vitamins?
Proximal tubule
42
Organic solute reabsorption in the proximal tubule is (regulated/constitutive)
constitutive
43
Which segment of the nephron secretes organic cations and anions such as drugs and metabolites?
Proximal tubule
44
The end of the proximal tubule has a net (+/-) charge
+ (Na+ reabsorption)
45
Name 3 things absorbed by the proximal tubule
1. HCO3-
2. Amino Acids
3. Glucose
46
In titratable acid excretion, what enzyme combines OH- and CO2?
carbonic anhydrase
47
ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary when plasma osmolarity (increases/decreases)
increases
48
High water permeability (tDLH/tALH/TAL)
tDLH: thin descending limb
49
Passive NaCl reabsorption (tDLH/tALH/TAL)
tALH: thin ascending limb
50
Active NaCl reabsorption via Na/K/2Cl symporter (tDLH/tALH/TAL)
TAL: thick ascending limb
51
ADH works on the collecting duct by increasing permeability of _______ and _____
1. Water
| 2. Urea
52
ADH works on the tALH: thin ascending limb by increasing absorption of _______
Na: Sodium
53
Hyperventilation causes blood pH to (increase/decrease)
increases
54
hypoventilation causes respiratory (alkalosis/acidosis)
acidosis
55
excessive vomiting can cause metabolic (alkalosis/acidosis)
alkalosis
56
starvation leads to (alkalosis/acidosis), specifically called _________
acidosis, specifically ketoacidosis
57
in ketoacidosis the anion gap (increases/decreases) from the normal 12+/-4
increases
58
A high anion gap indicates (alkalosis/acidosis)
acidosis
59
Renal excretion of solute ÷ plasma solute concentration =
renal clearance
60
decreased plasma osmolarity results in (increased/decreased) ADH resulting in the elimination of free water by the kidneys
decrease
61
Increased plasma osmolarity causes (increased/decreased) ADH
increased
62
If excess pure water is being excreted, the free water clearance is (positive/negative)
positive
63
If the urine is more concentrated than the plasma, then the free water clearance is (positive/negative)
negative
64
Restricted water intake, hydropenia, when the kidneys maximally concentrate the urine (diuresis/antidiuresis)
antidiuresis
65
ingestion of excess water when the kidneys maximally dilute the urine and excrete a large volume (diuresis/antidiuresis)
diuresis
66
ADH works on the (proximal tubule/ loop/distal tubule/collecting tubule and duct)
collecting tubule and duct
67
ADH (vassopressin) causes (vasoconstriction/vasodilation)
vasoconstriction
68
Kidneys will increase sodium excretion in response to (increased ECF volume/increase Na+)
increased ECF volume
69
If the effective circulating volume is decreases relative to the extracellular fluid volume, what has happened?
edema, the fluid is no longer in circulation
70
Baroreceptors are located in what 3 locations
1. vasculature
2. CNS
3. Liver
71
What hormone is released by the heart to promote sodium excretion in order to reduce blood volume?
ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide
72
Angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE, is especially abundant in the (liver/lungs)
lungs
73
What enzyme controls the most important step of the RAAS system?
Renin
74
From where is renin released?
the JGA: juxtaglomerular apparatus
75
decreased arterial blood flow (increases/decreases) renin secretion
increases
76
Which part of the RAAS system directly signals for vasoconstriction and increased B.P.
Angiotensin II
77
Which part of the RAAS system directly signals for aldosterone release?
Angiotensin II
78
The primary regulator of long term salt balance is _______
aldosterone
79
Aldosterone is released from the _______
adrenal cortex
80
ADH is released from the _______
posterior pituitary
81
Aldosterone directly binds a (intracellular receptor/cell membrane receptor/nuclear receptor)
intracellular receptor
82
The most abundant intracellular cation is _______
potassium
83
Hyperkalemia leads to (acidosis/alkalosis)
acidosis
84
A decrease in intracellular pH implying increased intracellular H+ (promotes/inhibits) K+ uptake
inhibits
85
Renal excretion of K+ is regulated in the (proximal/distal) nephron
distal
86
90% of filtered K+ is absorbed constitutivly in the (proximal/distal) tubule
proximal
87
K+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule is (paracellular/transcellular/both)
paracellular
88
K+ reabsorption in the thick ascending limb is (paracellular/transcellular/both)
both
89
increased reabsorption of K+ by the lumenal K+/H+ exchange during hypokalemia may result in metabolic (acidosis/alkalosis)
alkalosis
90
With a high potassium diet, distal tubule flow (speeds up/slows down)
slows down to allow K+ to leave
91
With a low potassium diet, distal tubule flow (speeds up/slows down)
speed up, to "sweep" potassium away from being lost
92
Aldosterone (increases/decreases) K+ secretion
increases
93
The macula densa is in the (collecting tubule/distal tubule)
distal tubule
94
A declining Blood pressure (releases/inhibits) renin
releases
95
Angiotensin II (releases/inhibits) aldosterone
releases
96
Angiotensin II (increase/decreases) GFR
decreases
97
Angiotensin II has negative feedback to _______
Renin
98
aldosterone works by up regulating _____ channels in the apical membrane of the distal tubule
Sodium
99
When the heart releases ANP, this (promotes/inhibits) renin release
inhibits, ANP want to decrease volume
100
ADH secretion is regulated by (baroreceptor/osmoreceptors/both)
both, but baro are stronger
101
SIAHD causes (hyper/hypo)natremia
hyponatremia
102
The normal response to hyponatremia is to suppress _____ release
ADH
103
Hypokalemia can increase renal bicarb reabsorption leading to _______
alkalosis
104
Low plasma potassium leads to (increased/decreased) HCO3 reabsorption and retention
increased HCO3 and alkalosis
105
Vco2/Vo2 is called the ______
RER: respiratory exchange ratio
106
A higher RER indicates more (fat/carbohydrates) are burned
carbohydrates
107
As the intensity of exercise increase, you burn more (fat/carbohydrates)
carbohydrates
108
As the intensity of exercise increase, your RER initially (increases/decreases)
increases
| can decreases with over exertion
109
Fatigue in muscles is due to depletion of (ATP/skeletal muscle glycogen/blood glucose)
skeletal muscle glycogen
110
With resistance training, their is an increase in (mitochondrial content/increased actin and myosin content)
increased actin and myosin content
111
GFR/RPF = ______
| glomerular filtration rate/renal plasma flow= ________
Filtration fraction
112
Regardless of ADH, the greatest fraction of water is reabsorbed in the _____ _____
proximal tubule
113
High pH and high bicarb on davenport graph means uncompensated (respiratory alkalosis/metabolic alkalosis)
metabolic alkalosis
114
High pH and low bicarb on davenport graph means uncompensated (respiratory alkalosis/metabolic alkalosis)
respiratory alkalosis
115
Low pH and high bicarb on davenport graph means uncompensated (respiratory acidosis/metabolic acidosis)
respiratory acidosis
116
Low pH and low bicarb on davenport graph means uncompensated (respiratory acidosis/metabolic acidosis)
metabolic acidosis
117
renin is secreted by _______ cells in the afferent arterioles of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
granular cells
118
Inadequate release of ADH/AVP from the posterior pituitary in response to an increase in plasma osmolarity causes ___________
central diabetes insipidus
119
How does angiotensin II affect the kidney?
constricts efferent arterioles, more that afferent
