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NMSK-A II > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most serious problem associated with Marfan syndrome?

A

weakness of the aorta

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2
Q

What is fibrillin and what does it do?

A

glycoprotein; forms microfibrils which make up connective tissue (contain an elastin core)

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3
Q

What is the role of MFAP-4?

A

assembles fibrillin into microfibrils which eventually cross-link to make mature elastic fibers

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4
Q

What is the role of TGF-beta?

A

deleterious effects on vascular smooth muscle development and integrity of ECM; mutated fibrillin = excess TGF-β at lungs, heart valves, aorta

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5
Q

What is cystic medial degeneration?

A

in aorta; fenestrated membrane and smooth muscle cells replaced by amorphous ground substance

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6
Q

What is the genetic nature of Marfan syndrome?

A

autosomal dominant

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7
Q

What is the role of connective tissue?

A

1) support
2) protect
3) bind organs

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8
Q

What are the 3 components of connective tissue?

A

1) cells
2) protein fibers
3) ground substance

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9
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

embryonic connective tissue derived from mesoderm; origin of (almost) all connective tissue cell types

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10
Q

What is the only type of connective tissue which mesenchymal stem cells do not differentiate into?

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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11
Q

Do lymphocytes arise from myeloid stem cells?

A

NO

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12
Q

Where do hematopoietic stem cells originate?

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

Which type of connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments?

A

dense regular connective tissue

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14
Q

Which type of connective tissue binds the epidermis to the underlying layers of skin?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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15
Q

Which type of connective tissue forms the walls of elastic arteries sucha s the aorta

A

elastic connective tissue

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16
Q

Which tissue sub-types are made from loose connective tissue?

A

1) areolar
2) adipose
3) reticular

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17
Q

Which type of connective tissue makes the papillary layer of the dermis, subcutaneous layer, and surrounds organs, nerves, and blood vessels?

A

areolar loose connective tissue

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18
Q

Which type of connective tissue creates the subcutaneous layer of skin and surrounds/covers some organs?

A

adipose loose connective tissue

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19
Q

Which type of connective tissue is located at the spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and bone marrow?

A

reticular loose connective tissue

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20
Q

Which tissue sub-types are made from cartilage?

A

1) hyaline cartilage
2) fibrocartilage
3) elastic cartilage

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21
Q

Which types of cells make up cartilage?

A

chondrocytes

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22
Q

What is the vascularity of cartilage?

A

avascular

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23
Q

Is cartilage protected by the immune system?

A

NO

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24
Q

Which types of fibers are in elastic cartilage?

A

elastic fibers

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25
Q

Where is elastic cartilage located in the body?

A

1) external ear
2) larynx
3) Eustachian tubes

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26
Q

What is another name for elastic cartilage?

A

yellow cartilage

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27
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

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28
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located in the body?

A

1) lines bones in joints (articular)
2) costal cartilages
3) epiphyseal plates
4) majority of fetal skeleton

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29
Q

What is chondromalacia?

A

increased friction between two articular cartilage surfaces in the early stages?

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30
Q

What is advanced stage chondromalacia?

A

arthritis

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31
Q

Which molecular characteristics do chondrocytes have to support their protein synthesizing activity?

A

1) extensive rough ER

2) well developed Golgi

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32
Q

What is the strongest form of cartilage?

A

fibrocartilage; most rigid

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33
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located in the body?

A

1) intervertebral discs
2) high stress areas such as pubic symphysis
3) conects tendons and ligaments to bone

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34
Q

What is a structure which fibrocartilage characteristically lacks?

A

perichondrium

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35
Q

What is chondrodystrophy?

A

group of disorders in which cartilage is ossified or transformed into bone

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36
Q

What is arthritis?

A

degeneration of cartilage in the joints. leading to limited movement and pain

37
Q

What is achondroplasia?

A

cartilage disorder resulting from dwarfism

38
Q

What is a chondroma?

A

benign tumor which arises in the cartilage

39
Q

What is the role of the Volkmann’s canal?

A

connect osteons

40
Q

What is the embryonic precursor to osteoblasts and osteocytes?

A

osteoprogenitor cell (mesenchymal stem cell)

41
Q

What are the 2 types of fluid connective tissue?

A

1) blood

2) lymph

42
Q

Blood stem cells divide into:

A

1) myeloid stem cells

2) lymphoid stem cells

43
Q

What are the four qualities of sensation?

A

1) modality (burning, stinging, pressure)
2) location
3) intensity (sharp, dull, Scale 1-10)
4) duration/frequency

44
Q

What is a receptive field?

A

part of the body which is feeling the sensation

45
Q

Which order of neuron is first to penetrate the field in sensation?

A

first-order neuron

46
Q

What is the role of the inhibitory receptive field in sensation?

A

EX: visual processing; important for contrast to better define where is the stimulus

47
Q

What is the pathway of pain sensation?

A

pain sensor>spinal relay neurons>spinal cord>spinothalamic tract>thalamus>cerebral cortex

48
Q

What is nociceptor?

A

simple sensory receptor with bare, free nerve ending

49
Q

What are the types of nociceptors?

A

1) thermal
2) mechanical
3) polymodal
4) silent

50
Q

What is the myelination and fiber type of thermal nociceptors?

A

small, thinly myelinated

A-delta fibers

51
Q

What is the myelination and fiber type of mechanical nociceptors?

A

intense pressure to skin

A-delta fibers

52
Q

What is the myelination and fiber type of polymodal nociceptors?

A 
small, non-myelinated
C fibers (slow)
**high intensity mechanical, chemical, or thermal
53
Q

What are silent nociceptors?

A

sensory receptors found in viscera which cause diffuse nociceptor activation but not pain

54
Q

What affect do inflammation and chemical agents have on silent nociceptors?

A

reduce the firing threshold, causing them to fire at lower levels of stimulation

55
Q

Why are there different types of nociceptors?

A

different types are sensitive to different sypes of sensation

56
Q

What is a soma and where is it located?

A

cell body of a sensory neuron; located in the middle of the axon

57
Q

What happens when the TRP channels are activated?

A

cause change in membrane potential of DRG cells

58
Q

How is the potential generated in sensory receptors?

A

ions enter nerve ending through the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel

59
Q

What happens if the sensory receptor potential stays above the threshold for a long period of time?

A

multiple action potentials will be generated

60
Q

How can the intensity or duration of a sensation be altered?

A

1) generate multiple action potentials by having action potentials above the threshold
2) involve other nociceptors
3) involve other sensory receptors

61
Q

What type of pain do A-delta fibers cause?

A

sharp

62
Q

What type of pain do C fibers cause?

A

dull, aching

63
Q

Which chemicals are responsible for pain production?

A

prostaglandins and bradykinin

64
Q

How is pain produced?

A

prostaglandin and bradykinin sensitize nociceptors by activating A-delta and C fibers directly to increase the release + synthesis of prostaglandins from nearby cells

65
Q

What causes inflammation after pain?

A

Calcatonin Gene Related Protein (CGRP) and Substance P are released from nerve endings upon injury and cause:

1) vasodilation
2) increase in histamine from mast cells

66
Q

How is neurologic inflammation characterized?

A

triple response from Substance P

67
Q

Where do A-delta fibers project in the spinal cord?

A

lamina I, II, V

68
Q

Where do C fibers project in the spinal cord?

A

lamina I, II

69
Q

Why do patients often mistake their heart attack for limb pain?

A

referred pain from the heart attack; convergence of fibers in the dorsal horn lead to an incorrect localization of pain and confused brain

70
Q

What is the gate control theory of pain?

A

pain transmission can be disrupted with non-noxious stimulation (rubbing a stubbed toe)

71
Q

How does the gate theory of pain explain reduction of pain?

A

convergence of the signal paths onto a projection neuron enables the disruption in the dorsal horn; projection neuron is not sending activation signal because of the peripheral stimulation

72
Q

What innervates dermatomes?

A

individual peripheral nerves

73
Q

Why does the gray matter change sizes as one moves throughout the spinal cord?

A

larger as one moves inferiorly; corresponds to amount of information each level is responsible for

74
Q

What are the Brodmann numbers of the primary motor cortex?

A

4 [anterior to central sulcus]

75
Q

What are the Brodmann numbers of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

3, 1, 2 [posterior to central sulcus]

76
Q

What is the pathway of motor information from the brain to the muscle?

A

cerebral cortex>corticospinal tract [motor cortex>brainstem>spinal cord>muscle]

77
Q

What does information from the right cerebral cortex act on?

A

muscles on the left side

78
Q

What is the posterior column-medial lemniscal pathway?

A

long sensory tract pathway; vibration, proprioception, light touch

79
Q

What is the anterolateral pathway?

A

long sensory tract pathway; painful stimuli, temperature

80
Q

Where is the second order neuron in the long sensory tracts?

A

dorsal column pathway: brainstem

anterolateral system: spinal cord

81
Q

Where do the nerves in the long sensory tracts cross to the opposite side of the brain?

A

projection from the second order neuron

82
Q

What is the dermatome for the upper cervical region?

A

neck

83
Q

What is the dermatome for the lower cervical region?

A

arm

84
Q

What is spinal shock?

A

all spinal reflexes are significantly depressed after a spinal cord injury; lasts at least 2 weeks

85
Q

What minimizes the inflammatory response in spinal cord injury repairs?

A

acute treatment with glucocorticoids

86
Q

What is radiculopathy?

A

sharp pain radiates down the leg caused by compression of a spinal nerve; HNP can impinge nerve

87
Q

What is the innervation of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus?

A

they are not innervated

88
Q

What is lumbar spinal stenosis?

A

narrowed lumbar spinal canal

NMSK-A II (10 decks)

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