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NMSK-A II > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones make up the shoulder girdle?

A

1) clavicle

2) scapula

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2
Q

What is the name of the groove between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

A

intertubercular sulcus; bicipital groove

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3
Q

Why is the shoulder joint considered unstable?

A

only 1/2 of proximal humerus is spherical, yet the joint is a ball and socket joint

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4
Q

What is a frequent site of humeral fractures in adults?

A

surgical neck

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5
Q

Where does the smooth articular surface of the humerus meet the shaft?

A

anatomical neck

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6
Q

Which nerve is at risk of damage at the surgical neck?

A

axillary nerve

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7
Q

Which nerve is at risk of damage at the radial groove? (i.e., spiral fracture of humerus shaft)

A

radial nerve

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8
Q

Which nerve is at risk of damage at the distal humerus?

A

median nerve

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9
Q

Which nerve is at risk of damage at the medial epicondyle?

A

ulnar nerve

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10
Q

What is the function of the clavicle?

A

1) support the anterior shoulder

2) prevent excessive anterior displacement of scapula

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11
Q

Why is the clavicle susceptible to injury?

A

1) little protection

2) S-shaped

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12
Q

What are the fossas of the scapula?

A

1) supraspinatus fossa
2) infraspinatus fossa
3) subscapular fossa
4) glenoid fossa

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13
Q

What are the processes of the scapula?

A

1) acromion process

2) coracoid process

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14
Q

What are the borders of the scapula?

A

1) superior border
2) axillary border (lateral)
3) vertebral border (medial)

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15
Q

What are the angles of the scapula?

A

1) superior angle

2) inferior angle

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16
Q

What are the actions of the trapezius?

A

1) scapular retraction

2) scapular rotation

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17
Q

Where does the serratus anterior attach?

A

1) medial border of scapula

2) ribs

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18
Q

What is the action of the serratus anterior?

A

scapular protraction

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19
Q

Which nerve innervates the serratus anterior?

A

long thoracic nerve

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20
Q

What are the attachments of the deltoid muscle?

A

1) scapular spine
2) clavicle
3) deltoid tuberosity

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21
Q

What are the actions of the deltoid muscle?

A

1) abduction

2) [flexion, extension]

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22
Q

Which nerve innervates the deltoid muscle?

A

axillary nerve

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23
Q

Which muscles make up the rotator cuff muscles?

A

1) supraspinatus
2) infraspinatus
3) teres minor
4) subscapularis

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24
Q

What are the heads of the triceps brachii?

A

1) long head (crosses shoulder and elbow)
2) lateral head
3) medial head (deep to long and lateral)

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25
Q

Which vein runs along the medial border of the deltoid muscle?

A

cephalic vein

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26
Q

Which larger vein does the cephalic vein empty into?

A

axillary vein

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27
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior brachial region?

A

1) coracobrachialis (deep, proximal)
2) biceps brachii short head (medial)
3) biceps brachii long head (lateral)
4) brachialis (deep, distal)

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28
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

BBC: biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis

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29
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

radial nerve; nerve of extension!

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30
Q

What are the boundaries of the antebrachial fossa?

A

SUP: line between lateral and medial epicondyles
LAT: brachioradialis
MED: pronator teres

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31
Q

What are the contents of the antecubital fossa?

A

1) radial nerve
2) biceps tendon
3) median nerve
4) brachial artery

“Really Need Booze To Be At My Nicest”

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32
Q

What are the superficial veins of the anterior brachial region?

A

1) cephalic vein (lateral)

2) basilic vein (medial)

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33
Q

Where do the superficial veins of the anterior brachial region originate?

A

dorsal venous arch

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34
Q

Where does the cephalic vein empty into?

A

axillary vein

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35
Q

Where does the basilic vein empty into?

A

brachial vein(s)

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36
Q

What is the cubital tunnel?

A

ulnar groove of the humerus; ulnar nerve passes through here

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37
Q

What is the structure which connects the radius and ulna along their internal surfaces and what is its function?

A

interosseous membrane

1) separates anterior and posterior compartments
2) allows pronation and supination
3) provides muscle attachment sites

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38
Q

Which nerve(s) innervate the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

1) median nerve

2) ulnar nerve

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39
Q

Which nerve(s) innervate the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

radial nerve

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40
Q

What are the muscles of the superficial group of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

1) pronator teres
2) flexor carpi radialis
3) palmaris longus
4) flexor carpi ulnaris
5) flexor digitorum superficialis

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41
Q

What causes golfer’s elbow?

A

medial epicondylitis

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42
Q

What are the muscles of the deep group of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

1) flexor digitorum profundus
2) flexor pollicis longus
3) pronator quadratus

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43
Q

What are the muscles of the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

1) brachioradialis
2) extensor carpi radialis longus
3) extensor carpi radialis brevis
4) extensor digitorum
5) extensor digiti minimi
6) extensor carpi ulnaris

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44
Q

Which of the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm do not originate from the common extensor tendon?

A

1) brachioradialis
2) extensor carpi radialis longus
* *both cross elbow and wrist**

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45
Q

What causes tennis elbow?

A

lateral epicondylitis

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46
Q

`What are the muscles of the deep group of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

1) supinator
2) abductor pollicus longus
3) extensor pollicis brevis
4) extensor pollicis longus
5) extensor indicis

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47
Q

The tendon of which muscle runs through the intertubercular sulcus?

A

biceps brachii long head

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48
Q

Which important structures pass through the suprascapular notch?

A

suprascapular artery

suprascapular nerve

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49
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi insert and which muscles lie superior and deep to it here?

A

intertubercular sulcus

1) teres major (deep)
2) pectoralis major (superior)

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50
Q

Which nerve innervates the supraspinatus muscle?

A

suprascapular nerve

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51
Q

Which nerve innervates the infraspinatus muscle?

A

suprascapular nerve

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52
Q

Which nerve innervates the teres minor muscle?

A

posterior branch of the axillary nerve

53
Q

Which nerve innervates the subscapularis muscle?

A

upper and lower subscapular nerves

54
Q

Which muscle attaches to the radial tuberosity?

A

biceps brachii

55
Q

Which muscle attaches to the ulnar tuberosity?

A

brachialis

56
Q

Which muscle attached to the coracoid process?

A

1) biceps brachii short head

2) coracobrachialis

57
Q

What are all the joints of the shoulder?

A

sternoclavicular
acromioclavicular
glenohumeral joint

58
Q

What are the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

ant. sternoclavicular ligament
post. sternoclavicular ligament
interclavicular ligament

59
Q

articular disc locations and functions?

A

sternoclavicular joint

improve joint congruity
acts as shock absorber
resist medial displacement of clavicle

60
Q

What are the ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint?

A

acromioclavicular ligament; not important in stability of joint

61
Q

Which ligament stabilizes the acromioclavicular joint?

A

coracoclavicular ligament

  • conoid (medial)
  • trapezoid (anterio-lateral)
62
Q

What is a step down deformity?

A

coracoclavicular ligament disrupted; AC joint dislocation

63
Q

What are the ligaments of the glenohueral joint?

A

glenohumeral ligaments

  • superior
  • middle
  • inferior** [hammock]
64
Q

Which structure adds additional support to the glenohumeral joint?

A

glenoid labrum

65
Q

Where does the joint capsule attach to the humerus in the glenohumeral joint?

A

anatomical neck of humerus

66
Q

What is a way to assess the axillary nerve with a sensory test?

A

regimental patch distribution of axillary nerve (over deltoid muscle)

67
Q

Which muscles comprise the scapulothoracic joint?

A

subscapularis
serratus anterior
rhomboids

**nonanatomic

68
Q

What are the joints of the elbow?

A

humeroulnar
humeroradial
proximal radioulnar

69
Q

What are the ligaments of the humeroulnar joint?

A

ulnar collateral (medial)

70
Q

What are the ligaments of the humeroradial joint?

A 
radial colalteral (lateral)
anular (around radial head)
71
Q

Which arm position do anular ligament dislocations more commonly occur?

A

proximal position

72
Q

What are the joints of the wrist?

A

radiocarpal joint
distal radioulnar
midcarpal joint

73
Q

What are the ligaments of the distal radioulnar joint?

A

triangular (articular disc)

74
Q

Which bones articulate with the radius in the radiocarpal joint?

A

scaphoid and lunate bones

75
Q

When the hand is adducted, what happens to the radiocarpal joint?

A

triquetrum articulates with articular disc

76
Q

Which bones articulate in the midcarpal joint?

A

proximal row with distal row

77
Q

What are the ligaments of the MP and IP joints?

A

metacarpal collateral

deep transverse metacarpal

palmar (prevent hyperextension)

78
Q

What are the ligaments of the IP joints?

A

interpharangeal collateral

palmar (prevent hyperextension)

79
Q

Which 3 tendons make up the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Abductor pollicus longus
Extensor pollicus brevis
Extensor pollicus longus

“A brevis between 2 longus”

80
Q

What is the most commonly fractured carpal bone and how does it typically fracture?

A

scaphoid bone

FOOSH

81
Q

What is return from opposition of the thumb?

A

reposition

82
Q

What muscles are contained within the hypothenar eminence?

A

abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi
opponens digiti minimi

83
Q

What muscles are a part of the thenar eminence?

A

abductor pollicus brevis
flexor pollicus brevis
opponens pollicus

84
Q

Which muscle adduct thethumb?

A

adductor pollicus

85
Q

Which muscles adduct digits 2, 3, 4?

A

palmar interosseous muscles (3)

86
Q

Which muscles abduct digits 2, 3, 4?

A

dosral interosseous muscles (3)

87
Q

Lumbricals are a part of which muscle?

A

flexor digitorum profundus tendons

88
Q

What structure is the hood of the carpal tunnel?

A

flexor retinaculum

89
Q

Which structures are contained within the carpal tunnel?

A 
9 tendons and 1 nerve
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor digitorum superficialis
flexor pollicus longus
median nerve
90
Q

Which tendon interacts with the carpal tunnel but is not contained within the actual tunnel?

A

flexor carpi radialis

91
Q

Which structures of the hand are motor innervated by the median nerve?

A

thenar eminence

lateral 2 lumbricals

92
Q

What are most of the structures of the hand motor innervated by?

A

all other intrinsic hand muscles are motor innervated by the ulnar nerve

93
Q

What is the action of the supraspinatus?

A

abduction of the humerus (first 15 degrees before deltoid takes over)

94
Q

What movement will be altered from a tear in the supraspinatus and how?

A

humerus will not abduct, but will instead elevate

95
Q

What is the action of the subscapularis?

A

medial rotation

96
Q

What is the action of the infraspinatus?

A

lateral rotation

97
Q

What action is completed by the subscapularis and infrascapularis together?

A

create a compression force holding the humeral head against the glenoid fossa

98
Q

What size gap should exist between the humeral head and the acromion and what does this gap prevent?

A

6mm

prevents supraspinatus from being pinched

99
Q

What causes an acute tear in the rotator cuff muscles?

A

uncommon traumatic force

dislocation injury

100
Q

What causes a chronic degeneration tear in the rotator cuff muscles?

A

impingement (usually supraspinatus), tendinitis/bursitis, partial thickness tear or full thickness tear

101
Q

What are the 2 most common rotator cuff muscle tears?

A

1) supraspinatus

2) subscapularis

102
Q

What are the contributing factors for a rotator cuff muscle tear?

A

1) age
2) vascularity
3) occupation/leisure activities
4) postural considerations
5) bony arhitecture

103
Q

What is the presentation of symptoms for a rotator cuff tear?

A

pain

weakness

104
Q

What are the most important findings on an X-ray to diagnose a shoulder joint injury?

A

sclerosis (increase bone density on the acromion where the humeral head would articulate

bone spurs

105
Q

What is the gold standard of confirming a should joint injury?

A

MRI

106
Q

What is the treatment for a shoulder joint injury?

A

1) avoid exacerbating activities
2) physical rehabilitation
3) NSAIDs
4) corticosteroid or lidocaine injections
5) surgical and post-op care

107
Q

What is the initial phase of tennis elbow?

A

tendinitis with inflammation

108
Q

What is tendinosis?

A

progressed phase of tendinitis which is degenerative and has poor blood flow

109
Q

What are the physical findings of tennis elbow?

A

1) point tenderness
2) symptoms reproduced with passive wrist flexion
3) resisted active wrist extension
4) chair test`

110
Q

What causes the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

compression of the median nerve

111
Q

Specifically, what is the innervation of the thenar eminence?

A

recurrent branch of the median nerve

112
Q

What is the Tinel’s sign?

A

special test to test carpal tunnel syndrome (tap for 30 sec)

113
Q

What is the Phalen maneuver?

A

special test to test carpal tunnel syndrome (flex wrist)

114
Q

Which study is done to rule in carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

nerve conduction studies

115
Q

Which study is done to rule out carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

electomyography

116
Q

What is occipital neuralgia?

A

neuropathic pain “disease or disorder involving the nerve itself”; impingement of greater occipital nerve

117
Q

What are the scalenes, where do they originate, and what are their actions?

A

anterior (rib 1)
middle (rib 1)
posterior (rib 2)
lateral neck flexion and rib elevation

118
Q

hrough which muscles does the brachial plexus break through?

A

scalene muscles

119
Q

What are the five categories of structures which receive innervation in the back and can be sources of pain?

A

1) fibroskeletal structures
2) meninges
3) synovial joints
4) muscles
5) nervous tissue

120
Q

What are the characteristics of pain from fibroskeletal structures?

A

sharp following a freacture of periostium; acute and localized with IV disc

121
Q

What are the characteristics of pain from meninges?

A

this type of pain is rare

122
Q

What does the recurrent meningeal branches of the spinal nerves innervate?

A

fibroskeletal structures

meninges

123
Q

What are the causes of facet joint pain?

A

aging (OA)

disease (RA)

124
Q

What do the posterior rami innervate and with which branches?

A 
synovial joints (facet joints)
back muscles (deep)
---
anterior branches
muscular branches
125
Q

What is referred pain?

A

compression or irritation of spinal nerves or nerve roots

126
Q

What are the boundaries of the suboccipiral triangle?

A

lateral: obliquus capitis superior
inferior: obliquus capitis inferior
medio-superior: rectus capitis posterior major
superior (outside triangle): rectus capitis posterior minor

127
Q

What are the contents of the suboccipital tirangle?

A

vertebral artery

occipital artery

128
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the top of the head?

A

CN V1 (Ophthalmic n.)

129
Q

Which nerve innervates the suboccipital triangle motor and sensory?

A

motor: suboccipital n.
sensory: greater occipital n.

NMSK-A II (10 decks)

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