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Edge's Deck > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Consequence of shear?

A

Decreased blood viscosity

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1
Q

Vfib that occurs after blunt trauma to the heart immediately before the peak of T wave?

A

Commotio Cordia

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2
Q

Hormone that counteracts the effects of aldosterone and ADH?

A

ANP

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3
Q

What causes Phase 2 in cardiac action potential?

A

Calcium influx

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4
Q

What causes depolarization in SA node action potential?

A

Calcium influx

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5
Q

Which sodium channel accounts for SA node automaticity?

A

Slow “funny” Na channels

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6
Q

Fastest conduction velocity?

A

Bundle of His

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7
Q

Slowest conduction velocity?

A

AV node

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8
Q

Conduction velocity is dependent on: duration of AP or size of inward current during the upstroke of action potential?

A

Size of inward current

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9
Q

Best explains local control of blood flow: myogenic or metabolic hypothesis?

A

Metabolic hypothesis

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10
Q

Counteracts TXA2?

A

PGI2 (prostacyclin)

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11
Q

Initiates EXTRINSIC pathway?

A

Tissue Factor (Factor III)

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12
Q

Initiates INTRINSIC pathway?

A

Hagemann Factor (Factor XII)

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13
Q

Lifespan of GRANULOCYTES?

A

4-8 hours in BLOOD

4-5 days in TISSUES

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14
Q

Lifespan of MONOCYTES?

A

10-20 hours in BLOOD

Months in TISSUES

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15
Q

Lifespan of LYMPHOCYTES?

A

Weeks to Months

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16
Q

Contraction of muscularis mucosa, located in between the submucosa and inner circular layer?

A

Meissner’s Plexus

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17
Q

Contraction of the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers, located in between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers?

A

Auerbach’s Plexus

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18
Q

Gastrin

A

Secreted by G CELLS of the antrum, stimulates PARIETAL CELLS in the fundus

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19
Q

CCK

A

Secreted by I CELLS in the duodenum, for GB contraction and prolongation of gastric emptying time

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20
Q

Secretin

A

Secreted by S CELLS in the duodenum, inhibits HCl secretion, increases biliary HCO3

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21
Q

Gastric acts on what receptor?

A

CCKb Receptor

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22
Q

Primary bile acids

A

Cholic
Chenodeoxycholic
(Start with C!)

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23
Q

Taurine and Glycine

A

Bile Salts

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24
Q

Activates Pepsinogen to Pepsin?

A

Stomach Acid

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25
Q

Optimum pH for Pepsin?

A

3.0

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26
Q

Activates Trypsinogen to Trypsin?

A

Enterokinase

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27
Q

Optimum pH for Pancreatic Lipase?

A

6.0

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28
Q

Type of FA that bypasses the lacteals?

A

Short-chain and Medium-chain FA (utilize portal vein)

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29
Q

Stimulates gastric acid secretion?

A

Gastrin, Histamine, Acetylcholine

30
Q

Triglycerides are absorbed from the intestinal lumen to intestinal cells as

A

Micelles

31
Q

Triglycerides are absorbed from the intestinal cells to lymph vessels (lacteals) as

A

Chylomicrons

32
Q

Pacemaker cells of the GI tract

A

Interstitial Cells of Cajal

33
Q

Digestion of CARBOHYDRATES starts at the

A

Mouth (via salivary amylase or ptyalin)

34
Q

Digestion of FATS and PROTEINS start at

A

Stomach (via lingual lipase and pepsin)

35
Q

Absorbed mainly in the DUODENUM?

A

Iron, Vitamin C

36
Q

Absorbed mainly in the JEJUNUM?

A

Macronutrients and Water

37
Q

Absorbed mainly in the ILEUM?

A

Vitamin B12, IF, Bile Salts, Vitamin ADEK

38
Q

Stores Vitamin A in the liver?

A

Ito Cells

39
Q

Location of chemoreceptor trigger zone?

A

Area Postrema

40
Q

Secreted by K CELLS in the duodenum, stimulates insulin secretion, inhibits gastric emptying?

A

GIP

41
Q

Secreted by M CELLS, activates interdigestove myoelectric complex?

A

Motilin (acts on the stomach and SI, secreted durimg fasting and in between meals)

42
Q

Secondary bile acids?

A

Deoxycholic and Lithocholic Acid

43
Q

Hormone Interaction:
Epinephrine and NE on the heart
FSH and Testosterone on spermatogenesis

A

Synergistic Effects

44
Q

Hormone Interaction:

Cortisol’s effects on Epi and NE with regard to blood vessels

A

Permissive Effects

45
Q

Hormone Interaction:

Prolactin and Estrogen

A

Antagonistic Effects

Estrogen blocks Prolactin effects

46
Q

21-Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency

A 
Decreased Aldosterone
Decreased Cortisol
Increased Androgens
HYPOTENSION
Substrate: 17-hydroxyprogesterone
47
Q

11-Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency

A

Decreased Aldosterone
Decreased Cortisol
Increased Androgens
HYPERTENSION due to 11-deoxycorticosterone

48
Q

17-Hydroxylase Deficiency

A 
Increased Aldosterone
Decreased Cortisol
Decreased Androgens
HYPERTENSION
Substrate: Pregnenolone
49
Q

Blood glucose level causing HALLUCINATIONS, extreme nervousness, trembles all over, breaks out in a sweat?

A

50-70 mg/dL

50
Q

Blood glucose level causing SEIZURES, LOC, COMA?

A

20-50 mg/dL

51
Q

Hormone suspected to initiate puberty?

A

Melatonin

52
Q

First event in puberty?

A

Males: testicular enlargement
Females: breast enlargement

53
Q

Path of Semen

A 
SEVEN UP:
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
Nothing
Urethra
Penis
54
Q

Most powerful: estrone, estradiol, estriol?

A

Estradiol

55
Q

Genital Tubercle

A

Male: glans penis, corpus cavernosum and spongiosum

Female: clitoris, vestibular bulbs

56
Q

Urogenital Sinus

A

Male: bulbourethral glands, prostate gland

Female: Bartholin’s gland, Skene’s glands

SINUSES BECOME GLANDS!

57
Q

Urogenital Folds

A

Male: ventral shaft of penis, penile urethra

Female: labia minora

58
Q

Labioscrotal Swelling

A

Male: scrotum

Female: labia majora

59
Q

Sperm formation, motility, storage respectively

A

Seminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Vas Deference

60
Q

Composition of semen

A

60% seminal vesicle fluid (fructose, prostaglandin, semenogelin, fibrinogen)

30% prostatic fluid, mucus from bulbourethral glands

10% vas deferens fluid and sperm

61
Q

Sex, thirst, appetite, body clock, temperature

A

Hypothalamus

62
Q

Coughing, vomiting, swallowing, respiratory and vasomotor center

A

Medulla

63
Q

Micturition center

A

Pons

64
Q

Apneustic, pneumotaxic center

A

Pons

65
Q

Each contraction occurring after complete relaxation up to a plateau; due to Ca accumulation, increase in temperature, pH changes; e.g. warm-up exercise

A

Treppe or Staircase Effect

66
Q

Complete fusion of individual muscle contraction; no further increase in muscle contraction with increase in frequency of stimuli

A

Tetany

67
Q

Flailing movements of the extremities; damaged SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS OF LUYS

A

Hemiballismus

68
Q

Snake-like, writhing movements; damaged GLOBUS PALLIDUS

A

Athetosis

69
Q

Dance-like, brief irregular non-purposeful movements; damaged CORPUS STRIATUM

A

Chorea

70
Q

What are the 3 urinary buffers?

A

NaHCO3
NaHPO4
NH4

71
Q

Trio of electrolytes

A

H
Ca
K

72
Q

What hormones will increase GFR?

A

EDFR, PGE2, PGI2, ANP, BNP, Bradykinin, Glucocorticoids

73
Q

What hormones will increase Renal Blood Flow?

A

Histamine, Dopamine, ANP, BNP

Edge's Deck (2 decks)

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