Physiology Flashcards
Consequence of shear?
Decreased blood viscosity
Vfib that occurs after blunt trauma to the heart immediately before the peak of T wave?
Commotio Cordia
Hormone that counteracts the effects of aldosterone and ADH?
ANP
What causes Phase 2 in cardiac action potential?
Calcium influx
What causes depolarization in SA node action potential?
Calcium influx
Which sodium channel accounts for SA node automaticity?
Slow “funny” Na channels
Fastest conduction velocity?
Bundle of His
Slowest conduction velocity?
AV node
Conduction velocity is dependent on: duration of AP or size of inward current during the upstroke of action potential?
Size of inward current
Best explains local control of blood flow: myogenic or metabolic hypothesis?
Metabolic hypothesis
Counteracts TXA2?
PGI2 (prostacyclin)
Initiates EXTRINSIC pathway?
Tissue Factor (Factor III)
Initiates INTRINSIC pathway?
Hagemann Factor (Factor XII)
Lifespan of GRANULOCYTES?
4-8 hours in BLOOD
4-5 days in TISSUES
Lifespan of MONOCYTES?
10-20 hours in BLOOD
Months in TISSUES
Lifespan of LYMPHOCYTES?
Weeks to Months
Contraction of muscularis mucosa, located in between the submucosa and inner circular layer?
Meissner’s Plexus
Contraction of the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers, located in between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers?
Auerbach’s Plexus
Gastrin
Secreted by G CELLS of the antrum, stimulates PARIETAL CELLS in the fundus
CCK
Secreted by I CELLS in the duodenum, for GB contraction and prolongation of gastric emptying time
Secretin
Secreted by S CELLS in the duodenum, inhibits HCl secretion, increases biliary HCO3
Gastric acts on what receptor?
CCKb Receptor
Primary bile acids
Cholic
Chenodeoxycholic
(Start with C!)
Taurine and Glycine
Bile Salts
Activates Pepsinogen to Pepsin?
Stomach Acid
Optimum pH for Pepsin?
3.0
Activates Trypsinogen to Trypsin?
Enterokinase
Optimum pH for Pancreatic Lipase?
6.0
Type of FA that bypasses the lacteals?
Short-chain and Medium-chain FA (utilize portal vein)
Stimulates gastric acid secretion?
Gastrin, Histamine, Acetylcholine
Triglycerides are absorbed from the intestinal lumen to intestinal cells as
Micelles
Triglycerides are absorbed from the intestinal cells to lymph vessels (lacteals) as
Chylomicrons
Pacemaker cells of the GI tract
Interstitial Cells of Cajal
Digestion of CARBOHYDRATES starts at the
Mouth (via salivary amylase or ptyalin)
Digestion of FATS and PROTEINS start at
Stomach (via lingual lipase and pepsin)
Absorbed mainly in the DUODENUM?
Iron, Vitamin C
Absorbed mainly in the JEJUNUM?
Macronutrients and Water
Absorbed mainly in the ILEUM?
Vitamin B12, IF, Bile Salts, Vitamin ADEK
Stores Vitamin A in the liver?
Ito Cells
Location of chemoreceptor trigger zone?
Area Postrema
Secreted by K CELLS in the duodenum, stimulates insulin secretion, inhibits gastric emptying?
GIP
Secreted by M CELLS, activates interdigestove myoelectric complex?
Motilin (acts on the stomach and SI, secreted durimg fasting and in between meals)
Secondary bile acids?
Deoxycholic and Lithocholic Acid
Hormone Interaction:
Epinephrine and NE on the heart
FSH and Testosterone on spermatogenesis
Synergistic Effects
Hormone Interaction:
Cortisol’s effects on Epi and NE with regard to blood vessels
Permissive Effects
Hormone Interaction:
Prolactin and Estrogen
Antagonistic Effects
Estrogen blocks Prolactin effects
21-Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Decreased Aldosterone Decreased Cortisol Increased Androgens HYPOTENSION Substrate: 17-hydroxyprogesterone
11-Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Decreased Aldosterone
Decreased Cortisol
Increased Androgens
HYPERTENSION due to 11-deoxycorticosterone
17-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Increased Aldosterone Decreased Cortisol Decreased Androgens HYPERTENSION Substrate: Pregnenolone
Blood glucose level causing HALLUCINATIONS, extreme nervousness, trembles all over, breaks out in a sweat?
50-70 mg/dL
Blood glucose level causing SEIZURES, LOC, COMA?
20-50 mg/dL
Hormone suspected to initiate puberty?
Melatonin
First event in puberty?
Males: testicular enlargement
Females: breast enlargement
Path of Semen
SEVEN UP: Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory ducts Nothing Urethra Penis
Most powerful: estrone, estradiol, estriol?
Estradiol
Genital Tubercle
Male: glans penis, corpus cavernosum and spongiosum
Female: clitoris, vestibular bulbs
Urogenital Sinus
Male: bulbourethral glands, prostate gland
Female: Bartholin’s gland, Skene’s glands
SINUSES BECOME GLANDS!
Urogenital Folds
Male: ventral shaft of penis, penile urethra
Female: labia minora
Labioscrotal Swelling
Male: scrotum
Female: labia majora
Sperm formation, motility, storage respectively
Seminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Vas Deference
Composition of semen
60% seminal vesicle fluid (fructose, prostaglandin, semenogelin, fibrinogen)
30% prostatic fluid, mucus from bulbourethral glands
10% vas deferens fluid and sperm
Sex, thirst, appetite, body clock, temperature
Hypothalamus
Coughing, vomiting, swallowing, respiratory and vasomotor center
Medulla
Micturition center
Pons
Apneustic, pneumotaxic center
Pons
Each contraction occurring after complete relaxation up to a plateau; due to Ca accumulation, increase in temperature, pH changes; e.g. warm-up exercise
Treppe or Staircase Effect
Complete fusion of individual muscle contraction; no further increase in muscle contraction with increase in frequency of stimuli
Tetany
Flailing movements of the extremities; damaged SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS OF LUYS
Hemiballismus
Snake-like, writhing movements; damaged GLOBUS PALLIDUS
Athetosis
Dance-like, brief irregular non-purposeful movements; damaged CORPUS STRIATUM
Chorea
What are the 3 urinary buffers?
NaHCO3
NaHPO4
NH4
Trio of electrolytes
H
Ca
K
What hormones will increase GFR?
EDFR, PGE2, PGI2, ANP, BNP, Bradykinin, Glucocorticoids
What hormones will increase Renal Blood Flow?
Histamine, Dopamine, ANP, BNP